Histone demethylase LSD1 plays key roles during carcinogenesis, targeting LSD1 is becoming an emerging option for the treatment of cancers. Numerous LSD1 inhibitors have been reported to date, some of them such as TCP, ORY-1001, GSK-2879552, IMG-7289, INCB059872, CC-90011, and ORY-2001 currently undergo clinical assessment for cancer therapy, particularly for small lung cancer cells (SCLC) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This review is to provide a comprehensive overview of LSD1 inhibitors in clinical trials including molecular mechanistic studies, clinical efficacy, adverse drug reactions, and PD/PK studies and offer prospects in this field.

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This review summarizes recent developments of Brd4 inhibitors and degraders for cancer treatment.

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Abstract. Previous studies have demonstrated the tremendous tropism of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for malignant gliomas, making these cells a potential vehicle for delivery of therapeutic genes to disseminated glioma cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the tropism of MSCs for gliomas remain poorly defined. It has been suggested that malignant gliomas secrete a variety of chemokines, including macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and stromal cell-derived factor-1· (SDF-1·). We isolated and cultured MSCs from rat bone marrow and found that these cells express CCR2 and CXCR4, the respective receptors for MCP-1 and SDF-1·. In vitro analysis revealed that MCP-1 and SDF-1· induce the migration of MSCs. Futhermore, neutralization data suggest that MCP-1 and SDF-1· play a role in the mediation of MSC migration toward gliomas. These results highlight the potential of these cells as a tumor targeting strategy for glioma gene therapy. IntroductionMalignant gliomas are the most prevalent type of primary brain tumor. Despite extensive surgical excision and adjuvant radio-and chemotherapy, the prognoses of patients with malignant gliomas, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) or anaplastic astrocytoma, remain extremely poor (1-3). The median survival is 1 year or less for patients diagnosed with GBM and ~3 years for those diagnosed with anaplastic astrocytoma (4). This treatment resistance arises, in part, from tumor infiltration of and invasion into the surrounding brain architecture. Surgical tumor resection is almost always followed by regrowth of tumor cells residing in adjacent regions of normal brain tissue because it is impossible to eliminate successfully all tumor cells using current technologies (5-7). Single tumor cells deeply infiltrate the surrounding tissue, and are thought to be responsible for tumor relapse. New therapies should target these single tumor cells, especially those that have escaped the main tumor mass (8-10).Neural stem cells (NSCs) possess extensive tropism for experimental gliomas when administered intracranially (11,12). This characteristic of NSCs has been exploited as a tumor targeting strategy for glioma gene therapy (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Unfortunately, the acquisition of sufficient therapeutic NSCs is challenging technically, and their practical application is problematic due to ethical concerns and immunological rejection. Previously, it has been suggested that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may represent an alternative source of therapeutic stem cells (21,22). In experimental brain glioma models, intracranially implanted or intravenously injected MSCs can migrate away from the injection site toward tumor beds (23-27). Additionally, gene modification of MSCs with therapeutic cytokines clearly prolongs the survival of tumorbearing animals (23,25,28,29).A better understanding of the molecular events that govern MSC homing is necessary for the development of a clinicallyapplicable tumor targeting strategy for glioma gene therapy. Certain chemokines and gro...

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