This paper aims to investigate the association between intellectual capital, research and development, and firm financial performance in an emerging market context, which is ASEAN. The effect of Intellectual Capital and Research and Development Intensity towards firm financial performance is examined while testing the moderating role of research and development on the relationship between intellectual capital and firm financial performance. Panel data regression model analysis is used for a sample of non-financial companies in ASEAN countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Singapore during 2015-2017. The final sample used in this study consists of a total of 383 observations. The results showed that intellectual capital has a positive effect on firm financial performance. This result indicates that intellectual capital can generate higher financial performance for the firms. A similar result also found in the relationship between research and development intensity and firm financial performance. Meanwhile, research and development are proved to be able to moderate the positive relationship between intellectual capital and firm financial performance. This result means that if the companies could facilitate their intellectual capital by giving more intensity of research and development, intellectual capital will be generated even more performance for the firms. This result implies that firms should utilize and maintain intellectual capital together with research and development.

This paper finds out the impact of intellectual capital on firm performance and risk. Moreover, this paper also examines whether the board diversity in terms of gender and nationality can strengthen the effect of intellectual capital towards firm performance and risk that operates in banking industries in ASEAN. The data in this study obtained from Bloomberg and OSIRIS database and also the firm’s annual reports over the period of 2012-2016 (375 observations) and conducted in ASEAN countries, namely Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. The results find that the efficient and effective use of intellectual capital will make the firms achieved higher performance. Meanwhile, intellectual capital can help reduce credit risk. In the interaction effect, the result is consistent with social psychology theory and shows that the presence of board diversity actually reduces firm performance and increases risk.

This study investigates the interaction effects of obedience pressure, professional ethics, skepticism attitude, and auditor independence towards audit judgment taken by auditors. Total samples of fifty-four Masters of Accounting and Professional Program in Accounting students were provided with a set of questionnaire to see their perceptions of audit judgments. The sample was conducted by convenience sampling method. Analyses of the data using multiple regression found that obedience pressure, professional ethics, and auditor independence significantly affect audit judgment taken by auditors. While, skepticism attitude was not significantly affect audit judgment. We argue that this was because many of our respondents were not having experience as a real auditor so that they did not have audit knowledge well enough that may affect their judgments.

This study examined Islamic banks' social performance by considering Intellectual Capital (IC) and Shariah Supervisory Boards (SSB) as antecedents. More specifically, it examined the antecedents that can exert the role of IC and governance mechanism of SSB in enhancing Islamic banks’ social performance. Therefore, this study empirically analyzed the effect of IC and SSB on social performance in Indonesian Islamic banks with a sample of 14 Islamic banks throughout the period 2008-2019. To test the research hypotheses, panel data regression model analysis was applied. The results did not establish a positive impact of intellectual capital on the banks’ social performance. This result indicated that the size of intellectual capital might not lead to better social performance. This outcome may be due to IC still being the focus of financial performance such that it has not been utilized to optimize the social performance of Islamic banks. The results also showed that SSBs have a positive effect on social performance. It can be concluded that Supervisory Boards could monitor the social activities conducted by Islamic banks, leading to an improvement in the activities. This study helps to bolster the understanding of the role of IC and SSB governance in enhancing the social performance function of Islamic banks.

Intellectual Capital (IC) is important because firms in ASEAN needs a lot of competitive advantage, mainly from IC, in order to compete in the era of ASEAN Economics Community (AEC). This research investigates the positive relationship between intellectual capital and firm performance and examine the role of family ownership on the relationship between intellectual capital and firm performance. The data collected from annual report from high-tech industries and conducted on two ASEAN countries, namely Indonesia and Philippines.The final sample used in this research consists of a total of 264 observations. This research uses panel data regression model analysis, i.e. fixed effect regression and random effect regression. The results showed that intellectual capital has a positive effect on financial performance in Indonesia and Philippines. This result indicates that intellectual capital can give higher financial performance for the firms. On the other hand, the result cannot found the moderating role of family ownership on the relationship between IC and firm financial performance. It revealed that the alignment effect might not be applicable to all countries.