This paper is concerned with designing and numerically implementing a V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) control system architecture for a platoon of autonomous vehicles. The V2X control architecture integrates the well-known Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) for a platoon of Autonomous Driving Vehicles (ADVs) with Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication. The main aim is to address practical implementation issues of such a system as well as the safety and security concerns for traffic environments. To this end, we first investigated a channel estimation model for V2I communication. We employed the IEEE 802.11p vehicular standard and calculated path loss, Packet Error Rate (PER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and throughput between transmitter and receiver end. Next, we carried out several case studies to evaluate the performance of the proposed control system with respect to its response to: (i) the communication infrastructure; (ii) its sensitivity to an emergency, inter-vehicular gap, and significant perturbation; and (iii) its performance under the loss of communication and changing driving environment. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control model. The model is collision-free for an infinite length of platoon string on a single lane road-driving environment. It also shows that it can work during a lack of communication, where the platoon vehicles can make their decision with the help of their own sensors. V2X Enabled Intelligent Driver Model (VX-IDM) performance is assessed and compared with the state-of-the-art models considering standard parameter settings and metrics.
In this work, authors have designed, constructed and tested a new kind of partially superconducting axial flux machine. This model is based on the magnetic flux concentration principle. The magnetic field creation part consists of the NbTi superconducting solenoid and two YBaCuO plates. A theoretical study is conducted of an extrapolated superconducting inductor for low-temperature superconducting and high-temperature superconducting solenoids. The optimization of the inductor is carried out in order to increase the torque and the power density as well. This improvement is done by changing the shape of the elements which form the superconducting inductor. Finally, a prototype is realized, and tested.
Biogas is a renewable fuel and an energy source that can be applied in many different settings. It is defined as a combustible gas mixture produced by the anaerobic fermentation of biomass by bacteria and takes several days to form. In fact, the anaerobic digestion is a biological process, so valorizing organic matter, usually fatal, produces a renewable energy source and digestates that can be used as a fertilizer. Indeed, in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic digestion) and protected from light, organic matter is partially degraded by the combined action of several types of micro-organisms, a series of biological reactions leading to the formation of biogas composed of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ), Nitrogen N 2 , Hydrogen H 2 , Oxygen O 2 , Water vapor H 2 O, Hydroxide Sulfur H 2 S and the energy recoverable portion Methane CH 4 but very harmful to the environment, or even 22 times more harmful than CO 2 which is a greenhouse gas (GHG). Therefore, Waste-to-energy provides a solution for two problems: waste management and energy generation. This biogas opportunity has appeared as one of the most interesting applications to help many municipalities in different countries to produce clean energy and even to manage wastes. It can be applied on the wastes of the agricultural fields as well as in the farms, in the food industry or simply in the municipal landfills. Numerous biogas installations have been built all over the world. Initially, the main objective was to produce biogas to generate energy, but quickly the environment aspect has appeared as an additional reason to build such facilities. This study covers the sustainable development area in which we will estimate the potential to produce biogas starting from the annual organic wastes data given by the concerning ministries and organizations in Algeria.
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