Background: Early suspicion and diagnosis remains the cornerstone for the better outcome of patients and to decrease cross infection in cases of COVID-19 pneumonia. In a country like Nepal X-ray facilities are readily available radiological tool in most of the centers and can be important screening tool.  There is a lack of studies detailing the chest XR (C-XR) findings in these patients when compared to that dedicated to the CT features. Study aims to describe the patterns of the lung opacities in CXR in these patients.Methods: This is retrospective descriptive study conducted at NMCTH in COVID-19 patients from 12 September to 17 October 2020. Demographic characteristics, symptoms, co-morbidities and C-XR findings were studied. CXR findings were categorized according to BSTI classification.Results: Among 111 COVID-19 RT-PCR positive cases admitted 102 (91.9%) belonged to age group 18-65 years, 89 (80.2%) were males. Cough and fever were the commonest symptoms present in 109 (98.2%) patients. Ischemic heart disease and hypertension in 32 (28.8%) patients were the commonest co morbidities. According to British society of thoracic imaging (BSTI) COVID-19 CXR classification, six patients (5.4%) had normal chest X-rays. Classic/probable COVID-19 picture was present in 79 (71.17%) patients while (7.2%) had intermediate for COVID-19 X-ray findings. Among 79 patients with classic/probable COVID-19 CXR findings 71 (89.8%) had bilateral consolidation/ground glass haze, 72 (91.1%) had peripheral lung involvement while 66 (83.5%) had middle and lower zone involvement.Conclusions: Ground glass opacities/consolidations with bilateral location, peripheral distribution and middle- lower zone predominance were the commonest X-ray findings in our study.

REsEaRCH aBstRaCtBackground: Ultrasonography is the reliable and safe way for the evaluation of pregnancy. Heart rate can be detected more confidently from the Ultrasonography. Heart rate is an important parameter for the evaluation of early pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the normal heart rate in embryos/fetuses between 6 and 8 weeks of gestation. Method:In our region people are poor and most of them do not know the benefit of regular follow up examination during pregnancy. So most of pregnant women come to our centre at late stage of pregnancy. The number of pregnancy cases is good in our centre but the number of early pregnancy cases coming to regular follow up examination is low. Thus the study was conducted in 51 normal singleton pregnancies undergoing routine ultrasound examination during the first trimester of pregnancy. The duration of study was 6 weeks.Result: Out of 51 singleton pregnancies, 20 cases (39.2%) heart rate were between 131-150 beat per minute and 25 cases (49.0 %) heart rate were between 151-170 beat per minute. However 4 cases (7.8%) were between 110-120 beat per minute and 2 cases (3.9%) were more than 171 beat per minute. There were zero cases above the 180 beat per minute. Conclusion:The result of this study will help to evaluate abnormal and normal fetal heart rate so that early clinical decision whether to continue the pregnancy or terminate it can be taken, as Ultrasonography is only the method used in screening fetal well being in most of the region of our country.

Introduction: Renal cortical thickness is an important parameter for many renal pathologies. Ultrasonography has been an efficient tool for the measurement of different renal parameters. The objective of this study was to determine the renal cortical thickness in healthy adults without any renal impairments and to correlate it with age, sex, height, weight, BMI and side of the body. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 healthy adults with normal renal function were included in this study. A detailed clinical history of all the patients were taken. Basic investigations, clinical and ultrasonography examination were performed. Informed written consent and ethical approval were taken. Results: The study included 150 participants (67 male & 83 female) with mean age of the participants 33.0±9.5 years. The mean renal cortical thickness was found to be 8.3±0.69mm. There was significant correlation between RCT and gender (p=0.013). However, no such correlation was observed between (renal cortical thickness) RCT and age, height, weight and BMI of the participants. Conclusion: Ultrasonographic measurement of renal cortical thickness plays a vital role in identification of many renal diseases. Thus, the result of this study can be used for evaluation of renal cortical thickness to determine abnormal renal conditions.

Background:Thyroid nodules are common presentation in patients having thyroid disorders. There is approximately 4-5% incidence of clinically apparent thyroid lesions in general populations.Thyroid nodules are about four times more common in females than in males. The present study aims to diagnose the thyroid lesions and evaluate to relation and diagnostic test of ultrasonography (USG) and Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) report. To determine the sensitivity of ultrasonography in detecting thyroid lesions.Method:This was hospital based prospective study carried in 94 patients who came to radiology department for USG neck, after clinical examination frommedicine, surgery and ENT department.Those patients with thyroid lesions were followed and advised for USG guided FNAC of thyroid swelling. The patients who were advised for FNAC, and gave consent for procedure were included in the study. The USG guided FNAC was done and wasfurther evaluated by pathologist. Results:Out of 94 cases, 85 were benign nodules and 9 were malignant nodules by USG which were further confirmed by FNAC with results of 87 benign and 7 malignant.The USG diagnosed the benign thyroid nodule with sensitivity of 96.55% and specificity of 85.71%, positive predictive value 98.82%, negative predictive value 66.67%, accuracy 95.74%. The result revealed that there is a strong relation between diagnoses of benign thyroid lesions by USG and final diagnosis by FNAC (P=0.001).Conclusion:High resolution grey scale imaging features can differentiate benign and malignant lesions. USG is very helpful for FNAC, characterization of nodules and provides differential diagnosis in those patients affecting with thyroid disorders.

Introduction: Placental thickness (PT) plays vital role when the menstrual age is not known. The present study was undertaken to calculate the Placental thickness at level of insertion of umbilical cord and correlate it with gestational age and fetal weight, subsequently establishing a nomogram for Placental thickness at different age of gestations. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 antenatal women from 12 to 40 weeks of gestation with singleton pregnancy and with no high-risk factor were included in the study from October 2021 to July 2022. Ethical approval was taken from institutional review committee (Ref. F-NMC/541/078-79). A detailed history was taken from all the patients. Basic antenatal investigations, clinical and ultrasonography examination were done.  Results: In present study the mean age group of pregnant women was 23.92 ± 4.456 years with mean age of gestation to be 28.18 ± 7.450 weeks. Most common location of placenta is found to be Anterior (32%). There is very strong correlation between placental thickness with gestational age r=0.987 and estimated fetal weight r=0.873. P-value was 0.001 in both. Conclusion: Ultrasonographic measurement of Placental thickness, gestational age and estimated fetal weight play a vital role in antenatal care. Thus, with advancing gestational age; placental thickness measurement can be an additional tool to determine gestational age and fetal weight. Any deviation from normal value can prompt to any developing abnormalities.