IntroductionAwareness about dental implants is increasing among dental patients, which demands a higher level of competence for dental students. So, the objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and perception of undergraduate dental students about dental implants.Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted after taking ethical clearance and approval from the Institutional Review Committee of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences and informed consent from each dental college of Nepal. The sample included all those students who were present at the time of survey. Data collection were carried out during the academic schedules of the colleges, supervised, and monitored by the investigators themselves. Collected data were coded, entered in Microsoft excel 2013 and descriptive analysis was carried out.ResultsA majority of the total (54.6%) and 59.2% of 5th year respondents perceived to be moderately well-informed about dental implants. The main advantage of dental implants was thought to be longevity by 53.1% of total and 48.4% of 5th year students; only 27.6% of the total and 42.2% of 5th year students said the main advantage of dental implants is they are more conservative than other tooth-replacement modalities. Highest percentage of the total respondents (31.9%) said most important factor for implant success to be implant type and material, whereas 59.8% of 5th year students said case selection. Those who felt dental implants require additional oral hygiene maintenance and care by the patient and dentist were 58.4% of total and 75.1% of 5th year students. Over two-thirds (67.5%) of total thought that economic feasibility will limit use of dental implants in Nepal. The difficulty encountered to place implants was perceived to be average by 56.8% of total and 58.1% of 5th year. There were differences in the perception and knowledge at different academic levels, but not as expected.ConclusionsIt could not be concluded that knowledge about dental implants increased with increase in academic level. Even at the late-clinical year a majority of students gave unsatisfactory responses.

Introduction: Implant therapy is an elective dental procedure of dental rehabilitative treatment. Objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, awareness, and attitude of dental interns of Nepal toward dental implants and to see associations of the responses with gender and geographic location of dental college. Methods: It was conducted from June 2016 to June 2017 after taking ethical clearance and approval from the research committee. The sample included the interns who were present at the time of the survey. Data collection was done through a cross-sectional questionnaire survey, during clinical postings of the interns at all the dental colleges of Nepal, supervised and monitored by the investigators themselves; coded and entered in Microsoft Excel 2013 and statistical analysis was done by SPSS. Results: A majority of the interns said they are moderately well informed about dental implants 141 (50.36%); main advantage of dental implants is they are conservative 164 (58.6%); most important factor for implant success is case selection 143 (51.07%); the longevity of dental implants is 10-20yrs, 162 (57.85%), 188 (67.14%) agreed that they were not provided with sufficient information and 191 (68.21%) stated that they need more information; 180 (64.3%) felt the difficulty encountered while placing implants is average and 229 (81.78%) stated that they need more hygiene care than natural teeth.  Conclusions: A majority of interns have knowledge regarding dental implants, but the percentage of those who gave unsatisfactory answers is also large. They have a positive attitude towards gaining more information through various means.

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Objectives. is study was conducted to know the preferred source and perceived need of more information about dental implants by the undergraduate students of Nepal and their association with academic levels and gender. Materials and Methods. It was conducted in all the dental colleges of Nepal from June 2016 to June 2017 after taking ethical clearance and approval from the research committee of BPKIHS. It included all those who were present at the time of survey. Data collection was done through a cross-sectional questionnaire survey during the academic schedule of the colleges, supervised and monitored by the investigators themselves. e collected data were coded and entered in Microsoft excel 2013, and statistical analysis was done by SPSS 20 version. Result. A majority of the respondents agreed that they were not provided with sufficient information about implant treatment procedures during their BDS program (65.3%), would like more to be provided in the curriculum (95.1%), and would like to get additional reliable information from dental consultants and specialists (40.7%) and training on it from fellowship programs conducted by universities (39.2%). Significant association was seen between the responses and academic levels. Conclusion. Undergraduate dental students of Nepal want more information about dental implants through various means.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Ear, nose and throat (ENT) problems are more common in children than adults. The objective of this study was to know the occurrence of various ENT disorders among children reporting to the out-patient department of a tertiary care center and to see their associations with three age-groups.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Out-Patient Department of Ear, Nose and Throat from 2016 to 2017. All the patients of age group 0-16yrs were included in the study. Informed consent or ascent from the patients and permission from their parents were taken. Detailed history taking, clinical examinations and appropriate investigations were performed and recorded in a pre-formed proforma. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel format 2013 and statistical analysis was done with SPSS 20 version.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 968 patients were examined, males 633(65.4%) and females 335(34.6%). The spectrum of ENT disorders reported were chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) 126 (13.0%), Otitis media with effusion (OME) 113 (11.7%), acute otitis media (AOM) 98 (10.1%), otomycosis with otitis externa 59 (6.1%), wax 36 (3.7%), foreign body ear (FB ear) 11 (1.1%), acute mastoiditis 22 (2.3%), acute rhinitis 35(3.6%), chronic sinusitis 33(3.4%), deviated nasal septum (DNS) 34 (3.5%), FB nose 21 (2.2%), vestibulitis with epistaxis 20 (2.1%), injury/trauma 11 (1.1%), tonsillitis 89 (9.2%), adenoid hypertrophy 71 (7.3%), acute pharyngitis 52 (5.4%), chronic pharyngitis 46 (4.7%), cervical lymphadenitis 37 (3.8%), FB esophagus 8 (0.8%) and laryngitis 12 (1.2%). CSOM was significantly associated with the age-groups 5-9 yrs whereas, AOM with 0-4 yrs. Adenoid hypertrophy was significantly associated with 0-4 yrs whereas, pharyngitis with 10-16 yrs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Most common ENT disorders reported were ear disorders and second most common throat disorders. Significant associations were found between disorders and age-groups.</p>

Purpose-To assess the awareness, knowledge and perception of nursing students regarding eye donation in a tertiary care hospital of Gujarat and to use this information to identify the possible interventions to increase the rates of eye donation. Methods-A cross sectional observational study was conducted during the National eye donation fortnight 2018 with 142 first year and 138 second year nursing students to assess their knowledge and awareness regarding eye donation. The mean age of the participants was 20.92 ± 2.18 years. Data was collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and Med-calc software. Results-Awareness of eye donation was observed in a majority of 98.21% with the most common source of information being television (39%). Though 75.36% were aware that the ideal time of eye donation was within 6-8 hours of death, 60% had the misconception that it can be executed even before death. Though 87% knew about utilisation of eyes after donation, only 10% had the knowledge of eye donation done among their family or friends. A majority of 92.9% hadn't pledged their eyes. Conclusion-The young nursing students can be the future torchbearers of eye donation campaign & their active involvement can make a vast difference in eradication of corneal blindness. The study revealed that though the students were aware of eye donation, there was a lack of proper knowledge & motivation amongst them. This highlights the need for educating them for this noble cause.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify and compare aerobic microorganisms adhering to polished and tissue surfaces of temporary removable partial dentures at 24hrs and at one week of dentures in use. Materials and methods: A total of 31 patients visiting the department of Prosthodontics for temporary removable partial dentures without any known systemic and oral diseases were included in the study. Dentures were fabricated according to the standard prosthodontic procedures accepted in the department. Each patient was examined twice, once after 24hrs of denture insertion, and then at oneweek of use wherein plaque samples were collected from the polished surface and the tissue surface. The samples were taken to the microbiology lab for microbiological investigations within half an hour of sample collection and different microorganisms were identified. Results: Microorganisms identified at 24 hours from polished and tissue surfaces of the dentures were same in type and not significantly different in frequency of isolation. They were Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Acinetobacteranitratus, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacterfreundii and Candida albicans. Those identified at one week of dentures in use, from the two surfaces were same in type but three new types of microorganisms, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris were also found. There was a significant difference in the isolation frequency of Staphylococcus spp. from the two surfaces. Conclusion: Same types of microorganisms adhere to both the surfaces but significant differences may occur in frequency of isolation. With time dentures favour colonization of new microorganisms.

A total of 720 animals were selected comprising of 260 Sahiwal (SC), 260 Crossbred (CB) and 200 Hill cattle (HC) of different age and sex to study body morphometric and performance traits. There was a significant (P0.05) difference between body morphometric traits between Hill cattle and Sahiwal as well as between Hill cattle and crossbreds. Estimates of almost all the body morphometric traits in all the age groups were significantly (P0.05) lower in Hill cattle than rest two groups (Sahiwal and crossbreds). The estimates of these traits were statistically indifferent between Sahiwal and crossbreds cattle except in greater than 36 months age group, where these were significantly (P0.05) higher for crossbreds. Age at first calving was significantly (P0.05) lower in crossbreds than indigenous breeds while as service period was lowest in Hill cows and maximum in Sahiwal cows. Dry period and calving interval were significantly (P0.05) highest in Sahiwal cows.