The study determined the effects of Lactobacillus salivarius (LS) administered early in the life of suckling piglets on their growth performance, gut morphology, and gut microbiota. Thirty litters of 3-day-old crossbreed piglets were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments, and treatments were commenced on day 3 after birth. During the whole period of the experiment, the piglets were kept with their mothers and left to suckle ad libitum while being supplemented with a milk formula with or without the bacterial probiotic supplemented. The control group (CON) was not treated with probiotics, the HLS group was treated with LS144 (HLS) screened from feces of fast-growing pigs with high body mass index (BMI) while the NLS group was supplemented with LS160 (NLS) screened from feces obtained from pigs of normal BMI. At the weaning time, a higher abundance of Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Elusimicrobia phyla were observed in NLS piglets, whereas the abundance of Fibrobacteres phylum was significantly reduced in NLS and HLS piglets compared with the CON. A greater abundance of Lactobacillus was detected in the HLS treatment compared with the CON. The abundance of Bacteroides and Fibrobacter was higher in the CON piglets compared with the HLS and NLS piglets. Compared with the CON group, the oral administration of LS significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus and villus height in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Moreover, the villus height of the duodenum was significantly improved in the HLS treatment compared with the NLS treatment. Based on the findings in the neonatal piglet model, we suggest that oral supplementation of LS, particularly LS isolated from high BMI pigs, could be beneficial by improving the intestinal villus height.

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Pond smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis) is a cold-freshwater fish species as a winter economic resource of aquaculture in South Korea. Due to its high susceptibility to abnormal water temperature from global warming, a large number of smelt die in hot summer. Here, we present the first draft genome of H. nipponensis and transcriptomic changes in molecular mechanisms or intracellular responses under heat stress. We combined Illumina and PacBio sequencing technologies to generate the draft genome of H. nipponensis. Based on the reference genome, we conducted transcriptome analysis of liver and muscle tissues under normal (NT, 5 °C) versus warm (HT, 23 °C) conditions, to identify heat stress-induced genes and gene categories. We observed a total of 1,987 contigs, with N50 of 0.46 Mbp with a largest contig (3.03 Mbp) in the assembled genome. A total number of 20,644 protein coding genes were predicted, and 19,224 genes were functionally annotated: 15,955 genes for Gene Ontology (GO) terms; and 11,560 genes for KEGG Orthology (KO). We conducted the lost and gained genes analysis compared with three species that human, zebrafish and salmon. In the lost genes analysis, we detected smelt lost 4,461 (22.16%), 2,825 (10.62%), and 1,499 (3.09%) genes compare with above three species, respectively. In the gained genes analysis, we observed smelt gain 1,133 (5.49%), 1,670 (8.09%), and 229 (1.11%) genes compare with above species, respectively. From transcriptome analysis, a total of 297 and 331 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with False discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 were identified in the liver and muscle tissues, respectively. Gene enrichment analysis of DEGs indicates that up-regulated genes were significantly enriched for lipid biosynthetic process (GO : 0008610, P < 0.001) and regulation of apoptotic process (GO : 0042981, P < 0.01), and down-regulated genes by immune responses such as myeloid cell differentiation (GO : 0030099, P < 0.001) in the liver under heat stress. In muscle tissue, up-regulated genes were enriched for hypoxia (GO : 0001666, P < 0.05), transcription regulator activity (GO : 0140110, P < 0.001) and calcium-release channel activity (GO : 0015278, P < 0.01), and down-regulated genes for nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process (GO : 0019359, P < 0.01). The results of KEGG pathway analysis were similar to that of gene enrichment analysis. The draft genome and transcriptomic of H. nipponensis will be used as a useful genetic resource for functional and evolutionary studies. Our findings will improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms and heat responses and will be useful for predicting survival of the smelt and its closely related species under global warming.

Backgrounds: Hypomesus nipponensis is a cold-freshwater fish species as a winter economic resource of aquaculture in South Korea. Due to its high susceptibility to abnormal water temperature from global warming. Aim of the study: Here, we present the first draft genome of H. nipponensis and transcriptomic changes in molecular mechanisms or intracellular responses under heat stress. Methods: We combined Illumina and PacBio sequencing technologies to generate the draft genome of H. nipponensis. Based on the reference genome, we conducted transcriptome analysis of liver and muscle tissues under normal (NT, 5°C) versus warm (HT, 23°C) conditions, to identify heat stress-induced genes and gene categories. Results: We observed a total of 1,987 contigs, with N50 of 0.46 Gbp with a largest contig (3.03 Mbp) in the assembled genome. A total number of 20,644 protein coding genes were predicted, and 19,224 genes were functionally annotated: 15,955 genes for Gene Ontology (GO) terms; and 11,560 genes for KO (KEGG Orthology). In the missing and gained genes analysis, we detected 4,461 (22.16%), 2,825 (10.62%), and 1,499 (3.09%) genes with coverage less than 10% and for gained genes found from alignment to other species that human, zebrafish and salmon, respectively, we observed 1,133 (5.49%), 1,670 (8.09%), and 229 (1.11%) genes with coverage less than 10% compared with above species, respectively. From transcriptome analysis, a total of 297 and 331 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, adjusted p-value < 0.05) were identified in the liver and muscle tissues, respectively. Gene enrichment analysis of DEGs indicates that up-regulated genes were significantly enriched for lipid biosynthetic process (GO:0008610, P < 0.001) and regulation of apoptotic process (GO:0042981, P < 0.01), and down-regulated genes by immune responses such as myeloid cell differentiation (GO:0030099, P < 0.001) in the liver under heat stress. In muscle tissue, up-regulated genes were enriched for hypoxia (GO:0001666, P < 0.05), transcription regulator activity (GO:0140110, P < 0.001) and calcium-release channel activity (GO:0015278, P < 0.01), and down-regulated genes for nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process (GO:0019359, P < 0.01). The results of KEGG pathway analysis were similar to that of gene enrichment analysis. Conclusion: The draft genome and transcriptomic of H. nipponensis will be used as a useful genetic resource for functional and evolutionary studies. Our findings will improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms and heat responses and be useful for better survival of the smelt and its closely related species under global warming.

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Upload this completed form to website with submission ARTICLE INFORMATION Fill in information in each box below Article TypeResearch article Article TitleOral administration of mice with cell extracts of recombinant Lactococcus lactis IL1403 expressing mouse RANKL Running Title (within 10 words)Cell extracts of recombinant lactic acid bacteria