Background Leptospirosis, caused by the Leptospira bacteria, is an acute infectious disease that is mainly transmitted by exposure to contaminated soil or water, thereby presenting a wide range of subsequent clinical conditions. This study aimed to assess the distribution of cases and deaths from leptospirosis and its association with social vulnerability in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2010 and 2019. Methods The lethality rates and incidence of leptospirosis and their association with gender, age, education, and skin color were analyzed using chi-square tests. The spatial relationship between the environmental determinants, social vulnerability, and the incidence rate of leptospirosis in the different municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul was analyzed through spatial regression analysis. Results During the study period, a total of 4,760 cases of leptospirosis, along with 238 deaths, were confirmed. The mean incidence rate was 4.06 cases/100,000 inhabitants, while the mean fatality rate was 5%. Although the entire population was susceptible, white-colored individuals, males, people of the working-age group, along with less-educated individuals, were more affected by the disease. Lethality was higher in people with dark skin, and the prime risk factor associated with death was the direct contact of the patients with rodents, sewage, and garbage. The social vulnerability was positively associated with the incidence of leptospirosis in the Rio Grande do Sul, especially in municipalities located in the center of the state. Conclusions It is evident that the incidence of the disease is significantly related to the vulnerability of the population. The use of the health vulnerability index showed great relevance in the evaluation of leptospirosis cases and can be used further as a tool to help municipalities identify disease-prone areas for intervention and resource allocation.
Ice creams have great acceptance and demand by consumers around the world. They are foods obtained through an emulsion of fats and proteins, these ingredients if stored or handled incorrectly can be the source of multiplication of several microorganisms. This work focuses on the microbiological analysis of artesanal and industrial ice cream in two times of the year (winter and summer), performed using the methodology adapted from Silva et al (2010) and the legislative microbiological standards used from RDC No 12 from Anvisa (Brasil, 2001). The main focus was the detection of microorganisms of importance in the food industry, as they are precursors of foodborne diseases epidemics, such as Escherichia Coli, Salmonella, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, molds, yeasts and aerobic mesophilic bacteria. It was observed in the analysis results that all 30 samples showed growth of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, molds and yeasts, that only four (13.33%) did not have total coliforms and none had Salmonella. There was no great difference between the results of the analyzes of samples collected in the summer and winter, the level of contamination in general was high in samples from both seasons.
The article assesses the knowledge of professionals working in Basic Health Units (UBS) in rural areas about diseases transmitted by water and food. The work was carried out in partnership with the Environmental Surveillance sector of the Municipal Health Department of Pelotas and covered UBS in the rural area of the municipality of Pelotas, RS. Two questionnaires were applied to workers at ten UBS. Most of the participants, in the first (73.3%) and in the second questionnaire (79.5%), had not received training on the topics covered, however, they had some knowledge about water and foodborne diseases. Health professionals with a high level of education should have access to basic health and sanitation information. The development of a continuing education program on water quality and food-borne diseases would make these professionals more trained and safer to adequately guide the community about the risks and prevention of DTAs.
O Estado Rio Grande do Sul tem papel de destaque na produção de leite em âmbito nacional e a região sul do estado se destaca como uma das principais bacias leiterias do Estado. Objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar o perfil zootécnico e sanitário em 51 rebanhos bovinos na microrregião de Pelotas. A partir das informações obtidas por meio de entrevistas construiu-se um banco de dados e obteve-se a descrição dos dados pela indicação de como variam os indivíduos no grupo. Neste estudo, as propriedades apresentaram a mediana de quatro moradores (DI=3) e tempo na pecuária leiteira de 20 anos (DI=26), a área total foi de 40 ha (DI=57), sendo a área destinada exclusivamente a produção leiteira (instalações para os animais e áreas de descanso e pastoreio) de 23 ha (DI=32). As propriedades apresentaram uma mediana de 20 vacas em lactação (DI=26) e cinco vacas secas (DI=7), o efetivo de novilhas a partir de um ano de idade foi nove (DI=16) e o efetivo de terneiras com menos de um ano foi oito (DI=11), o efetivo total do rebanho foi de 44 animais (DI=63). Foi avaliado o efetivo de outras espécies de animais domésticos como cães, equinos, galinhas, suínos, ovinos e caprinos. Foram observadas medianas de três cães (DI=3), dois equinos (DI=1,75), 30 galinhas (DI=30), três suínos (DI=4), quatro ovinos (DI=10) e cinco caprinos (DI=3). Os resultados deste estudo indicam que há uma grande heterogeneidade e uma baixa pluriatividade agrícola no processo produtivo de leite no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, sustentado principalmente por pequenas propriedades, baseado na mão de obra familiar e associado ao uso de tecnologias como a inseminação artificial e ordenha mecânica.
Background Human beings and animals are getting closer and closer. This proximity is not limited to the home environment, as animals are also frequenters of public spaces with access to leisure areas and human recreation. As they play the role of definitive hosts for some species of potentially zoonotic helminths and protozoa, the risk of environmental contamination through their feces and the risk of infection of other animals, including humans, increases. From an epidemiological point of view, identifying possible sites at risk of infection allows us to outline adequate control and prevention methods. Therefore, the aim of this work was to carry out a risk analysis of contamination by potentially zoonotic parasites found in public squares in Southern Brazil. Methods Samples of dog feces and sand were collected in public squares in municipalities in the Pelotas microregion, south of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The parasitological diagnosis was performed using the techniques of Willis-Mollay, Faust and Spontaneous sedimentation for feces and Caldwell and Caldwell for sand. The results were interpreted through descriptive data analysis, chi-square test and correspondence analysis. Results In total, 4262 samples were analyzed, where 63% of sand samples and 49.8% of feces samples were parasitized by Ancylostoma. Of all the municipalities in the study, Cerrito, Capão do Leão and Cristal have the highest risk for the presence of parasites in the samples collected. In addition, Pelotas and Pedro Osório municipalities had more positive samples with nematode eggs; Cristal, Cerrito and Capão do Leão had more samples positive for tapeworms; Canguçu, Morro Redondo and Turuçu showed higher positivity of protozoa. Conclusion It is concluded that there is great contamination in the squares studied, by parasites with zoonotic potential, and among the identified parasites, Ancylostoma is the most frequent. Furthermore, it is suggested that small municipalities are at greater risk of presenting parasites in public spaces, such as squares.
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Abdominelles Übergewicht ist für das Herzkreislaufsystem gefährlicher als ein erhöhter Gesamtkörperfettanteil bei normalem Taillenumfang. Der Body-Mass-Index (BMI) lässt die abdominelle Fettverteilung unberücksichtigt, im Gegensatz zu Taillenumfang (waist circumference, WC) und TailleGröße-Index (Waist-to-Heigh-Ratio, WHtR). Ziel der Arbeit: WC- und WHtR-Normwerte für Kinder- und Jugendliche (7–18 Jahre) zu erstellen und die Übereinstimmung zwischen der 90. Perzentile für WHtR mit dem, im Erwachsenenalter gültigen Grenzwert von 0,5 zu prüfen. Material und Methoden: Daten von 1 015 Kindern (534 Mädchen) gingen in die Berechnung der Normwerte ein (1). Ergebnis: Der Kappa-Koeffizient belegt eine hohe Übereinstimmung zwischen P90 und 0,5 (0,91 für Jungen/ 0,88 für Mädchen). Diskussion: Die Studie stellt WCund WHtR-Normwerte für Mädchen und Jungen zwischen 7–18 Jahren bereit und belegt eine hohe Übereinstimmung der 90. Perzentile mit dem Grenzwert von 0,5. Im Vergleich mit existierenden Normwerten zeigen unsere Ergebnisse eine Zunahme des abdominellen Übergewichtes, die jedoch nicht in erhöhten Blutdruckwerten resultiert.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a perceção de profissionais que atuam nas UBS sobre a inserção do médico veterinário na saúde pública das cidades de Lajeado e Pelotas. Em cada UBS visitada foram oferecidos questionários individuais e autoaplicados para os profissionais de saúde presentes. O objetivo das perguntas do questionário era de avaliar a percepção da atuação de médicos veterinários na saúde pública. Foram obtidas de todos os participantes informações sociodemográficas que foram utilizadas como variáveis independentes do estudo. No presente trabalho foi verificado que 97,6% dos profissionais disseram que Médicos Veterinários podem atuar na Saúde Pública, sendo que os profissionais que atuam em profissões que exigem apenas ensino médio completo foram os únicos a responderem que médicos veterinários não possuem conhecimentos que possam ajudar a melhorar a saúde pública, totalizando 4%. Conclui-se que a maior parte dos profissionais entrevistados enxergam médicos veterinários como profissionais de saúde, porém, boa parte desconsideram sua aptidão na aréa da saúde.
Although leptospirosis is endemic in most Brazilian regions, South Brazil shows the highest morbidity and mortality rates in the country. The present study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of leptospirosis cases in South Brazil to identify the temporal trends and high-risk areas for transmission and to propose a model to predict the disease incidence. An ecological study of leptospirosis cases in the 497 municipalities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was conducted from 2007 to 2019. The spatial distribution of disease incidence in southern Rio Grande do Sul municipalities was evaluated, and a high incidence of the disease was identified using the hotspot density technique. The trend of leptospirosis over the study period was evaluated by time series analyses using a generalized additive model and a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model to predict its future incidence. The highest incidence was recorded in the Centro Oriental Rio Grandense and metropolitan of Porto Alegre mesoregions, which were also identified as clusters with a high incidence and high risk of contagion. The analysis of the incidence temporal series identified peaks in the years 2011, 2014, and 2019. The SARIMA model predicted a decline in incidence in the first half of 2020, followed by an increase in the second half. Thus, the developed model proved to be adequate for predicting leptospirosis incidence and can be used as a tool for epidemiological analyses and healthcare services.Temporal and spatial clustering of leptospirosis cases highlights the demand for intersectorial surveillance and community control policies, with a focus on reducing the disparity among municipalities in Brazil.
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