This paper presents comprehensive and realistic Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) tests of a physical relay and analysis of the test results for evaluating the impact of HVDC systems (and converters in general) on the operation of distance protection. In the established HIL test configuration, simulated voltage and current waveforms from a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) are injected to the relays via an analogue amplifier, and the relays' tripping signals are input back to the RTDS to monitor their tripping actions. During the HIL tests, the relay is configured with both MHO and QUAD characteristics, and it is tested under a wide range of system operating conditions with different fault levels, fault types and locations, and HVDC control strategies. The test results show that the integration of the HVDC system could lead to the compromised distance protection performance, including failed tripping, delayed tripping and zone discrimination issues. Detailed analysis of the test results is presented, and it is found that the main causes of the identified issues include: 1) under-reach/over-reach problem owing to the angle difference of currents from local and remote ends in the event of resistive faults; 2) inaccurate impedance measurement problem due to identical faulty phase currents during phase-to-phase faults with the constant reactive power control of HVDC system; 3) phase selection issues owing to the abnormal increase of the superimposed currents during phase-earth fault with balanced current control (i.e., only injecting positive sequence current without any negative sequence component) of HVDC system. The results and analysis presented in this paper will not only offer valuable evidence-based insights to understand the challenges of distance protection in future converter-dominated networks, but also provide a useful reference, informing future research and development to address these identified issues.
This paper outlines the demonstration of partially selective and fully selective HVDC protection systems using a simulated industrial case study HVDC network, hardware HVDC protection IED prototypes, and simulated HVDC circuit breaker models. A summary of results are presented demonstrating the performance if the protection IEDs and indicating successful operation of the overall HVDC protection system according to system-level indicators. The presented results are intended to increase confidence that HVDC protection systems for multivendor HVDC networks are near ready for full-scale industrial implementation.
This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the HVDC system's impact on distance protection via systematic and realistic experimental tests, along with theoretical analysis of the root causes of the identified compromised protection performance. A methodology for quantifying the impact of Synchronous Compensation (SC) in supporting the distance protection operation is also established. In this work, the performance of two widely used physical distance protection relays have been evaluated using a realistic Hardware'In'the'Loop (HIL) testing environment, where a total of 480 cases have been tested under a wide range of system scenarios. Representative cases with compromised protection performance are selected, where issues of under/over'reach, faulted phase selection and impedance measurement are identified and analysed. Furthermore, a method for quantifying the required SC level to address the under/over'reach issues resulting from HVDC systems is presented. The method establishes the relationship between the angle difference of the two'end fault current infeeds of the protected line and the SC level. Based on this relationship, the required SC capacity to constrain the angle difference within a targeted limit can be estimated, which offers a useful tool for system operators to appropriately size the SC's capacity with additional valuable insights from the distance protection perspective.
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