Demonstration of partially selective HVDC grid protection system with hardware-in-the-loop IEDs

Demonstration of Multi-vendor Protection Systems for Multiterminal VSC-HVDC Networks

“…It can be seen that in each of the three repeated faults at each of the 53 fault locations, each IED is 100% dependable, Figure 2b. Further results are presented in reference [22].…”

Testing of an HVDC IED Prototype Using Field Recordings

“…I&A: [6]- [8] A: [12], [13] -Integrated in a converter control and protection system I: [9] --Integrated in the HVDC circuit breaker control and self-protection I: [10] --…”

“…The IED sampling frequency was changed to match the fault recordings at 20 kHz as compared to 50 kHz in [6]- [8], [13], and [24], Note that higher sampling frequencies of at least 50 kHz are suggested in scientific literature [11]. Similarly, sampling frequencies of 96 kHz are stated in recently published DC measurement standards [23].…”

“…Multiterminal HVDC systems may use several DC-side fault detection algorithms as summarized in [2]. Selective fault detection can be achieved by single-ended methods [6], [7] or double-ended methods [9], [10] with measurements from both line ends. In the following, only single-ended fault detection will be considered.…”

“…Several protection testing methods are available, i.e., individual component testing [13], [14], offline simulation [15]- [17], real-time simulation [6]- [10] and even post-disturbance testing [18]. The advantage of component testing is that the actual device that will be put in the field can be tested, e.g., a DC circuit breaker (DCCB) or an IED.…”