A supervised field trial was designed in Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, to assess the dissipation and persistence of spiromesifen in chili fruits. Spiromesifen (22.9% suspension concentrate) was sprayed two times at an interval of 10 days at the recommended dose (96 g. a.i. ha−1) and double the recommended dose (192 g. a.i. ha−1) with four replications. Sampling was done according to the planned interval of days after the second spray. Extraction and cleanup were performed using the modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method and the spiromesifen residue was analyzed by GC–electron capture detector and confirmation performed using GC–MS. The average initial deposit of spiromesifen was 1.207 mg kg−1and 1.948 mg kg−1at the recommended and double the recommended dose, respectively. The half‐life values of spiromesifen ranged between 2.7 and 3.2 days at the recommended and double the recommended dose. The safe waiting period was calculated for the respective doses and it was concluded that an average of 7 days is safe for picking. The FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) have set the maximum residue limit of 0.1 mg kg−1 for spiromesifen in green chili. The theoretical maximum residue contribution value of spiromesifen was lower than the maximum permissible intake at both the applications on the 0th day. Hence, there will be no adverse effects on human health after consumption of green chilies.

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Annual monitoring of the population dynamics of Helicoverpa armigera in unprotected pigeonpea crop during kharif seasons of 2011 to 2014 for 4 years at the farmers field North Gujarat, India. Temperature, rainfall and host-plant species were analyzed with respect to population fluctuation of the insect pest. The observations revealed that, the average number of larval population per plant in the season (from 27th to 3rd standard weeks) was 0.97, 0.32, 0.30 and 0.38 larvae/plant during 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 respectively. Population of Helicoverpa armigera had significant and negative correlation with maximum temperature (r= -0.524), rainfall (r= 0.079) and relative humidity (r= -0.827, r= -0.595 morning and evening, respectively).

Among, six modules tested against Helicoverpa armigera on tomato, the IPM module I consisting interspersing of 1 row of african marigold after every 8 rows of tomato as well as on the periphery of the plot and spray of neem based formulation gromin 1 % EC @ 0.5 ml /l on appearance of the first instar larvae.IPM module II was interspersing of 1 row of african marigold after every 8 rows of tomato as well as on the periphery of the plot spray of neem based formulation gromin 1 % EC @ 0.5 ml /l on appearance of the first instar larvae and two spray of HaNPV @ 350 LE/ha alternated with neem oil @ 0.5 % + 0.1 % soap solution.IPM module III consisting interspersing of 1 row of african marigold after every 8 rows of tomato as well as on the periphery of the plot and two spray of Beauvaria basiana @ 40g/10 l at appearance of first instar larvae alternated with Nikuchhi @ 1.0 %. and IPM module IV are growing of african marigold after every 8 rows of tomato as well as on the periphery of the plot and two spray of HaNPV @ 350 LE/ha on appearance of first instar larvae followed by spray of Decidan 32.8% EC @ 15ml/10 litre. The IPM module V was alternate spray of Polytrin c 44 % EC @ 10ml/10 litre on appearance of first instar larvae and subsequent spray at 15 days intervals and Module VI was Control. IPM-IV module was found highly effective and economical for management of tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera and it exhibited least tomato fruit borer damage (3.44%) and maximum tomato yield (257.25q/ha). This research gave the best result to farmers for the control of H. armigera in tomato crops.

The white grubs infests diverse crops of food and horticultural importance such as groundnut, sugarcane, kharif pulses, vegetables areca nut, ginger, potato, etc. and it inflict losses as high as 100 per cent, depending upon the severity of infestation have been uncommon. In present study, attemts have been made to explore the potentiality of entomopathogens for the management of the white grub Holotrichia consanguinea a serious pest in groundnut crop in Rajasthan during kharif seasons, 2018 and 2019. Results revealed that furrow application of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae powder formulation @ 5 kg (1×1012 CFU/gm) and H. indica galleria @ 5000 galleria per hectare at the time of sowing were significantly superior in reducing the per cent plant mortality (28.00%, 29.33%, 31.77%, respectively) and increase yield over untreated control (12.82, 11.53, 10.78 q/ ha respectively).

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White grubs are the major insect pests of cultivated plants in semi arid agro-ecosystem of Rajasthan. It is important to understand diversity, abundance and distribution of scarabaeid beetles for planning effective pest management programme. The experimental data were collected from nine locations in three different ecosystems in Kharif season of year 2019. Species identification revealed that there was total nine species were recorded from 18885 specimens collected. The identified species were belongs under two subfamilies of   Scarabaeidae family. Maximum specimens were collected in the month of July from selected sites. When species diversity was compared among different locations, it was found that Shannon Wiener diversity index varied from 1.235 to 1.095, which indicates that species were less diverse but frequently present. The present study can be   used to formulate the integrated pest management strategies based on most abundance and diverse scarabaeids in semi-arid agro-ecosystem of Rajasthan.

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