Copy number variation (CNV) is a phenomenon in which sections of the genome, ranging from one kilo base pair (Kb) to several million base pairs (Mb), are repeated and the number of repeats vary between the individuals in a population. It is an important source of genetic variation in an individual which is now being utilized rather than single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as it covers the more genomic region. CNVs alter the gene expression and change the phenotype of an individual due to deletion and duplication of genes in the copy number variation regions (CNVRs). Earlier, researchers extensively utilized SNPs as the main source of genetic variation. But now, the focus is on identification of CNVs associated with complex traits. With the recent advances and reduction in the cost of sequencing, arrays are developed for genotyping which cover the maximum number of SNPs at a time that can be used for detection of CNVRs and underlying quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the complex traits to accelerate genetic improvement. CNV studies are also being carried out to understand the evolutionary mechanism in the domestication of livestock and their adaptation to the different environmental conditions. The main aim of the study is to review the available data on CNV and its role in genetic variation among the livestock.

Abiotic stress is a major threat to the farming community, biasing the crop productivity in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The seed is an important component of agriculture, contributing significantly to the booming production of food and feed crops across the different agro-ecological regions of the world with constant challenges with reference to production, storage, and quality control. Germination, plant growth, and development via non-normal physiological processes are detrimentally affected by stress. Seed priming is an alternative, low cost, and feasible technique, which can improve various abiotic stress tolerances through enhanced and advanced seed production. Seed priming is a process that involves imbibing seed with a restricted amount of water to allow sufficient hydration and advancement of metabolic processes but preventing germination. The beneficial influence of priming on the germination performance of diverse species is attributed to the induction of biochemical mechanisms of cell repair: the resumption of metabolic activity that can re-impose cellular integrity, through the synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and proteins and the improvement of the antioxidant defense system metabolic damage incurred by dry seed and thus fortifying the metabolic machinery of the seed. With this background, this chapter highlights the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of seed priming and recent advances in priming methods as a tool to combat abiotic stress in crop plants.

A classical live attenuated sheep pox vaccine was prepared using the Ranipet strain of sheep pox virus (SPV) at the 50th passage in a secondary lamb testicular cell system. The TCID50 and RD50 were 10(9.63)/ml and 10(9.51)/ml. respectively. The SID50 of SPV challenge virus was 10(5)/ml. The vaccine was found to have no adverse effects in laboratory animals, and was safe and effective in SPV seronegative lambs. In the field, 660 sheep were vaccinated with an immunizing dose containing 1 x 10(2) TCID50. Randomly selected vaccinated sheep mounted good cell-mediated immunity and humoral responses as measured by glucose utilization test and serum neutralization test, respectively, for the study period of 6 months.

Increased concern on greenhouse gas emission, concomitant global warming and decreasing fossil fuels have created the necessity to find an alternative source of energy for the transportation vehicles. Biodiesels is an alternative renewable fuel source, which releases less carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides upon combustion. These environmental friendly features of biodiesel make it a potential alternative to the conventional one. Biodiesel can be extracted from the edible or non -edible source of triglycerides. During this extraction process, crude glycerol (CG) is obtained at the rate of 10% as a byproduct of trans-esterification reaction. Chemically, CG so obtained is composed of catalysts, salts and fatty acids. Purification of CG to >95% involves the cost (0.28 USD/L production) and time consuming process. Hence, economical management of CG is the need of hour, one such alternative way is its entry in animal food chain as an energy source. Basically, glycerol is a glycogenic intermediate product of fat digestion converted to glucose by the action of key enzyme glycerol kinase. The CG undergo glycolysis and TCA cycle to liberate ATP. The digestible and metabolizable energy content of CG are comparable with the commonly used cereal grains in livestock feeding. Thus, CG acts as a bridging gap between the biodiesel industry and livestock production. Studies have showed that CG

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CONCLUSIONShone's complex and Cortriatriatum sinister are rare congenital anomalies and the combination is extremely rare. cardiac imaging modalities, mainly two dimensional transthoracic and colour doppler studies, tran- Shone's complex and Cortriatriatum Sinister: A Rare Combination. ABSTRACTShone's complex is a Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), consisting of multiple levels of left sided obstructive lesions including supravalvular mitral membrane (SVMM), parachute mitral valve, subaortic stenosis and coarctation of aorta. Cortriatriatum sinister is a rare congenital defect in which a membrane divides LA into two distinct chambers. These two congenital malformations are rare and their occurrence together is still rarer. We report a 1 year 3 month old male baby with h/o failure to thrive, recurrent Respiratory Tract Infection & developmental delay. Presented with rarer combination of shone's complex and cortriatriatum sinister.

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