.In this review, the mosquito vector borne diseases (VBD) majorly malaria, dengue, filariasis, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, Zika were presented to comprehend the global disease incidence as the control of these disease transmitting vectors are challengeable globally nowadays. It has been found that malaria affects nearly 500 million people and lymphatic filariasis about 100 million people worldwide every year. About 25 million people are infected by dengue, with approximately 25,000 deaths annually. For mosquito larval adult control measures, synthetic pesticides playing major role but owing to resistance development its application is impeded. Alternatively, bacterial biopesticides are very useful for larval control mainly due to environment friendliness and lack of resistance development. As of now, Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) and B. thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) are in use but Bs is nowadays not recommended for field application due to resistance. Significant results on resistance development are noticed in India, Brazil and France. Due to these situations, there is a growing interest in discovering novel biological agents from natural sources. In the present review, the current global scenario of VBDs were discussed.
In the study a new aqueous formulation with the new mosquitocidal isolate of Bacillus cereus VCRC 641 was developed, and the residual activity was assessed from simulated field trials conducted in the natural environment. From laboratory bioassays, it was observed that the efficacy of aqueous formulation of Bacillus cereus was on par with lyophilized cell mass, as such. The LC50 values of formulated B. cereus against Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti were 0.002, 0.009 and 0.008 mg L-1 respectively. Correspondingly, the LC50 values of lyophilized cell mass of B. cereus against these three mosquito species were 0.0019, 0.005 and 0.004 mg L-1 respectively. Finally, simulated field trial was carried out using formulated B. cereus and the residual efficacy against all three mosquito larval species revealed 100 per cent larval mortality up to seven days and 69 to 78 per cent mortality were up to 15 days. Thereafter, the mortality was declining gradually up to 21 days. It is concluded that the formulation of B. cereus may be used for mosquito control program.
In this study, search for new mosquitocidal bacterium was attempted from the gut content of the fresh water fish Clarias batrachus (walking cat fish) which resulted in the isolation of a highly potential mosquitocidal bacterium. The isolate was identified as Bacillus cereus VCRC 641 by Bacillus species specific molecular markers ilvD, pur and pycA gene sequence analysis. Laboratory mosquito larval toxicity assay (bioassay) against mosquito larvae revealed that this new isolate was highly potent against Culex quinquefasciatus followed by Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. The lethal concentration values at LC50 for these three mosquito species were 0.001, 0.004 and 0.007mg/ L respectively. Therefore, in the present study, this is the first report that a highly potential mosquitocidal bacteria of B. cereus VCRC 641 was isolated from the gut content of Clarias batrachus and suggested that it can be used for mosquito vector control program.
Mosquito vector transmit serious infectious diseases that include dengue, chikungunya, malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis, Japanese encephalitis, west Nile fever, yellow fever and rift valley fever. Insecticides-based control measures have historically and currently been an important control approach against major mosquito-borne diseases. Chemical pesticides, on the other hand, are non-selective and can harm other beneficial organisms. Controlling mosquitoes with entomopathogenic bacteria is a convincing, ecologically acceptable alternative to chemical pesticides. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus are insecticidal microorganisms which are spore forming and these bacteria are the most extensively utilised alternative mosquito control agents, considering the rapid development of resistance, especially to B. sphaericus by the larvae of Culex spp. Under this circumstances, it is necessary to find an alternative biological control agents from natural resources. The present review focus mainly on the various strategies to control mosquito vectors.
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