Fireflies exhibit a fascinating phenomenon of spon-menstrual periods [6], and people walking next to each other taneous synchronization that occurs in nature: at dawn, they on the street tend to walk in synchrony. gather on trees and synchronize progressively without relyingIn Section II, we look at experiments that have been made on a central entity. The present article' reviews this process . ' by looking at experiments that were made on fireflies and the ian order to comp rehend the synchronizaon mechanism. In mathematical model of Mirollo and Strogatz [1], which provides particular, we focus on experiments made on fireflies and key rules to obtaining a synchronized network in a decentralized how this affected their flashing instants, providing interesting manner. This model is then applied to wireless ad hoc networks. insights to compare nature with mathematical models. To properly apply this model with an accuracy limited only toIn biological systems distributed synchronization is comthe propagation delay, a novel synchronization scheme, which is derived from the original firefly synchronization principle, is monly mo singathe teory of coupl clors [7]. For presented, and simulation results are given.fireflies, an oscillator represents the internal clock dictating when to flash, and upon reception of a pulse from other I. INTRODUCTION oscillators, this clock is adjusted. Over time, synchronizationIn certain parts of South-East Asia alongside riverbanks, emerges, i.e. pulses of different oscillators are transmitted simultaneously. Synchronization in populations of coupled male fireflies gather on trees at dawn, and start emitting flashes sillatorsle withinield of cs.regularly. Over time synchronization emerges from a random A theoretical framework for the convergence to synchrony situation, which makes it seem as though the whole tree is flashing in perfect synchrony. This phenomenon [2] forms illy-meshed networ was p id in [1]. Ts model an amazing spectacle, and has intrigued scientists for several wil be prsentae in SchtionI and wil ssss hundred years. Over the years, two fundamental questions have otrdero been studied: Why do fireflies synchronize'? And how do they sYse. been studied: Why do fireflies synchronize?And how do theyThe Mirollo and Strogatz model of [1] has already been applied to wireless networks. One of the first papers toThe first question led to many discussions among biologists. apply the firefly synchronization model to wireless networks In all species of fireflies, emissions of light serves as a means w .'.'~~~~~~~~~was [8]. It utilized the characteristic pulse of Ultra-Wideof communication that helps female fireflies distinguish males Band (UWB) to emulate the synchronization process of pulseof its own species: the response of male fireflies to emissions coupled oscillators, and included more realistic effects such as from females is different in each species. However it is not channel attenuation and noise. clear why in certain species of fireflies, males synchronize.To lift the restri...
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