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a 75-item self-report questionnaire, has been widely used to measure attachment to one's mother, father, and peers. Using the IPPA, attachment has emerged as a protective factor in relation to a range of psychosocial variables. Yet, these studies with the IPPA are decades old, and may not adequately represent the current demographic composition of the United States, which is now composed of significantly more Latinx individuals. Indeed, no study has examined the cross-cultural psychometrics of this instrument, which is concerning in light of recent research, suggesting attachment may behave differently in Latinx populations. Thus, this study aimed to examine measurement invariance across Latinx and non-Latinx respondents on the IPPA. Data were collected across seven separate Texas universities (N = 1,787). Participants (74.3% female) were between the ages of 18 and 59 (m = 21, SD = 4.59), with 53.3% identifying as Latinx and 46.3% identifying as non-Latinx. Results indicate the IPPA mother, father, and peer subscales perform equivalently among Latinx and non-Latinx college students with regard to configural, metric, and scalar invariance. Yet, findings also suggest that the three-factor structure of the IPPA mother and father versions may be in need of refinement. These findings augment extant psychometric support for the IPPA's use in diverse college students while suggesting areas of exploration for future research.

This study examined whether race/ethnicity and gender predicted sentencing to anger management therapy as a probation condition. Hypotheses: We predicted judges would be more likely to assign African Americans and Hispanics, and males to anger management than Caucasians and women, respectively. We hypothesized demographic variables would predict assignment to anger management beyond legal and nondefendant extralegal variables. Method: Data for this study are administrative and originate from an adult probation department in southern Texas. The sample (N ϭ 4,001; 72.3% male) was 53.4% Caucasian, 28.6% African American, 16.7% Hispanic, 0.9% other, and 0.4% unknown and included individuals who had committed violent (14.2%) and nonviolent (85.8%) offenses. Results: Data analyses consisted of binary logistic regression, with anger management placement as the dependent variable, and offense, judge, county, race/ethnicity, and gender as the independent variables. The final model emerged as statistically significant, 2 (16) ϭ 552.76, p Ͻ .001, Nagelkerke's R 2 ϭ .32. Specifically, the odds of receiving anger management were 1.71 times higher for African Americans than Caucasians, and 1.68 times higher for men than women. Exploratory analyses examining a Race/Ethnicity ϫ Gender interaction revealed the odds of receiving anger management was significantly lower for Caucasian women than all other racial/ethnic by gender groups. Conclusion: Results suggest being part of a racial/ethnic minority group or male may disproportionately increase the odds of being required to comply with extra time and fiscal requirements associated with anger management as compared to one's racial/ethnic and gender counterparts who have committed similar crimes. Public Significance StatementOur research shows that being African American, Hispanic, or male significantly increases the likelihood of being required to complete anger management therapy as a condition of probation, beyond what would be expected considering their crime, county of jurisdiction, and judge presiding over the case. This pattern of sentencing based on demographic characteristics disproportionately routes certain individuals out of other responsibilities, for example, work, community involvement, or domestic commitments, to complete anger management therapy. Meanwhile, anger management therapy has mixed reviews regarding its effectiveness. Authorities who determine sentencing to anger management should strive to maintain a practice that allocates individuals based on the crime in question rather than extralegal variables.