A subparaneural injection accelerated the onset time and increased the duration of tibial nerve sensory blockade compared with circumferential extraneural injection. With unintentional intraepineural spread, the onset time was significantly shorter than for the other groups.

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This article describes the principles, technology and development of electromagnetic tracking system for ultrasound guidance and three/four-dimensional ultrasound imaging in regional anesthesia, considering whether these new technologies will have impending applications in clinical practice.

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as bougie lacks inherent strength and rigidity of a malleable stylet. However, we would like to emphasize that the modified technique be used only by an experienced anaesthetist with a trained assistant when other advanced airway gadgets are not readily available.

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