Traditionally resilience is viewed as an important way of coping: Through resilience, an individual recovers from or avoids negative outcomes from burdensome conditions. In this paper, we argue that individual stability under significant adverse conditions (i.e., resilience) results, to a large degree, from coping processes (e.g., assimilation and accommodation) influenced by personal and situational conditions. Moreover, we propose that resilience, viewed as a stabilizing constellation, should be considered an important part of the conceptual bridge between coping and development. Resilience, however, requires a definition of successful development. Here, we argue that the potential and possibility for further development may be used as a common denominator of current proposals. The aim is to outline an integrative model of coping, resilience, and development as a theoretical access to successful aging. Some empirical results illustrate the developmental conditions for assimilative and accommodative processes.
Three general types of coping (problem-focused coping, social support-seeking, and meaning-focused coping) in the transition from adolescence to early adulthood are examined. Specifically, we investigated age differences, their interdependence, and their adaptive function in respect to academic work-related stress (resilience). The present study examined these issues in a crosssectional assessment (1,608 pupils and students between 14 and 30 years). Problem-focused coping and seeking social support were positively correlated with age. Age-moderated analyses showed pronounced associations between problem-focused coping and support-seeking in adolescence, but stronger associations between problem-and meaning-focused coping in young adulthood. Seeking social support and meaning-focused coping moderated the negative correlation between subjective stress and wellbeing. Age differences and the adaptive role of coping are discussed within a developmental framework.
The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between cognitive deficits and self-reported subjective well-being (depression, life satisfaction, and perceived social support). Sixty-three participants who suffered from mild to moderate dementia were interviewed with standardized measurements of subjective well-being. Reliability and validity of the instruments were satisfactory. Zero-order correlations showed significant correlations between depression, life satisfaction, and perceived social support. Cognitive functioning correlated negatively with perceived social support. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the interaction of physical diseases and cognitive functioning produced a significant change in depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Participants with mild dementia reported more depressive symptoms and less life satisfaction than persons with more severe dementia, if there were few constraints on physical health.
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Prävalenz demenzieller Erkrankungen steigt und die meisten Erkrankten werden von Familienangehörigen zu Hause betreut. Das “Berliner Inventar zur Angehörigenbelastung - Demenz“ (BIZA-D) dient der Erfassung von objektiven und subjektiven Belastungen, die durch die Pflege demenziell Erkrankter entstehen. Fragestellung: Das Inventar wird in der Längsschnittstudie zur Belastung pflegender Angehöriger von demenziell Erkrankten (LEANDER) eingesetzt und dient zur differenzierten Beschreibung von Pflegeverläufen und zur Evaluation von Interventionen. Methode: Das Instrument enthält 20 Subskalen mit 88 Items. Die psychometrischen Qualitäten werden an einer Stichprobe von 594 pflegenden Angehörigen dargestellt. Ergebnisse: Faktorenanalysen belegen die Mehrdimensionaliät des Inventars. Die Reliabilitäten der Subskalen liegen zwischen .74 und .95. Validität und Veränderungssensitivität des Inventars werden belegt. Schlussfolgerung: Das Inventar erweist sich als reliables, valides und veränderungssensitives Instrument.
The adaptive role of cautious behavior in advanced age and accommodation is discussed within a developmental regulation framework.
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