No abstract

The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in a university sample of Campeche, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 506 subjects aged 14-25 years. The subjects were requested to answer questionnaires concerning sociodemographic variables, history of stress, lifestyle, and anxiety. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) was used as TMD diagnostic system by four examiners capacitated and standardized. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression in STATA. The results showed that 46.1% of the subjects exhibited some grade of TMD. Logistic regression analysis with TMD as the dependent variable identified sex (women odds ratio [OR]=1.7), bruxism (OR=1.5), anxiety (OR=1.6), unilateral chewing (OR=1.5), and an interaction between number of tooth loss and stress as the most significant associated variables, thus (1) the effect of having high levels of stress in the group of subjects without tooth loss (OR=1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.7-1.8) and (2) the effect of having high levels of stress in the group of subjects with at least one tooth lost (OR=2.4; 95% CI=1.01-5.9). The variables associated with diagnosis of pain were principally psychosocial (stress and anxiety), whereas for the non-pain diagnosis group, the variables were clinical, such as bruxism, chewing site preference, and restorations in mouth. We found associations among variables that were similar to findings in other studies, such as bruxism, tooth loss, stress, and anxiety. The final model explains that the effect of stress on TMD depends of the tooth loss, controlling for sex, bruxism, unilateral chewing, and anxiety. Finally, it can be concluded that the variables associated with pain and non-pain diagnosis were of distinct nature.

We explored factors associated with postnatal depression and further evaluated whether any of these risk and protective factors are specific for adolescent mothers. Data concerning depression levels, family and individual factors were collected in a cross-sectional study which surveyed 298 women in Monterrey, N.L., Mexico. Mean maternal age was 24.64 years, and 27.18% of the mothers were between 14 and 19 years old. Prevalence of postnatal depression was higher in adolescents (16.05%) than in adult mothers (14.29%) but, on average, this difference was not significant. The association between individual factors and postnatal depression for both adult and adolescent mothers was explored. Our results revealed that social support is significantly associated with less possibility of postnatal depression in both groups, and that this effect is stronger for adolescents (OR=0.81) than for adults (OR=0.92). For the sample as a whole postnatal depression was associated with lower levels of education, reported fear during labor and living with partner. We also found that having a girl greatly increased the possibility of postnatal depression. We conclude that social support is a protective factor associated with postnatal depression, especially for adolescents.

Rarely have researchers explored the distribution of a programme's effects in a population, tending to focus on unidimensional measures of impact instead. This can mask heterogeneity of effects, making it difficult to identify subsets of the population for whom impacts might differ from a population average. The authors exploit the design of Mexico's Oportunidades programme to construct measures of the heterogeneous impacts of the programme on contraception and compare these with conventional effect estimates. They find that the latter, while probably reliable for particular types of effects, fail to uncover the substantial programme impacts on the poorest women in rural Mexico.average effect estimates, contraception, heterogeneity of effects, Oportunidades,