The impact of thermal comfort demand on the renovation process was carried out on an optimization basis for the thermo-modernization process of an exemplary single-family home located in Warsaw. The verified TRNSYS simulation program was used to generate a set of variants of building modernization solutions. This variants set was used afterwards as a database for optimization. The analysis performed includes the internal air temperature, indicators of thermal comfort (PPD), and annual energy demand for heating and cooling, and investment costs of modernization building. The results indicated the importance of analyzing various variants of building modernization solutions. Performing modernization without analyzing its effects can have positive as well as negative consequences, e.g., achieving a significant reduction in the primary energy demands at the expense of the deteriorated thermal comfort of users. It was shown that separate analysis of indicators leads to completely different solutions and should not be recommended during modernization of single-family buildings.
To diminish peaks of energy power demand in buildings, we need to determine parameters in transmittance models that describe indoor temperature response to changes in heating. This article discusses first- and second-order models as well as an integration model. Calculations deal with indoor temperature drop in the range to −2 K following the heating power reduction for a period of 4–6 h. The second-order model was found to be the most accurate in showing the decrease in temperature. The calculated values of parameters vary within wide ranges, with significant differences occurring even with values obtained in consecutive measurement series. It was shown that the use of averaged values produce large result errors in the predictions of indoor temperature changes. This renders an offline method useless and promotes an online method. The average value of the time constant in the first-order model correlates well with the value of the time constant calculated as a ratio of the heat storage mass to the room heat loss coefficient. This is true if we take into account exclusively this part of the building partition layer that contributes to the heat storage.
Utilization of the steelmaking slag by reduction is the technology which seems to be today rather controversial. However it is possible to use this way of utilization in case if the economical surround will be changed. One of the possible improvement for the described method is the modifying input materials for process reduction. The thermodynamic model was developed which enable to optimize the chemical composition of the final product. The laboratory investigations confirmed a good agreement between model calculations and experimental results.Keywords: slag, utilization, reduction, modelingZastosowanie technologii redukcji żużla do utylizacji żużli stalowniczych wydaje się być dzisiaj pomysłem kontrowersyjnym. Jednakże wybór tej ścieżki utylizacji może stać się prawdopodobny w sytuacji zmiany warunków ekonomicznych w otoczeniu branży hutniczej. Jedną z metod udoskonalenia rozważanej technologii jest zastosowanie metody modyfikowania materiału wejściowego do procesu redukcji. Opracowany został model termodynamiczny, który umożliwia optymalizację składu chemicznego finalnego produktu prowadzonego procesu. Badania laboratoryjne potwierdziły dobrą zgodność obliczeń modelowych z wynikami eksperymentów.
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