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In Morocco, no operational system actually exists for the early prediction of the grain yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study proposes empirical ordinary least squares regression models to forecast the yields at provincial and national levels. The predictions were based on dekadal (10-daily) NDVI/AVHRR, dekadal rainfall sums and average monthly air temperatures. The Global Land Cover raster map (GLC2000) was used to select only the NDVI pixels that are related to agricultural land. Provincial wheat yields were assessed with errors varying from 80 to 762 kg ha À1 , depending on the province. At national level, wheat yield was predicted at the third dekad of April with 73 kg ha À1 error, using NDVI and rainfall. However, earlier forecasts are possible, starting from the second dekad of March with 84 kg ha À1 error, at least 1 month before harvest. At the provincial and national levels, most of the yield variation was accounted for by NDVI. The proposed models can be used in an operational context to early forecast wheat yields in Morocco. #

Soil organic carbon (SOC) represents one of the major pools in the global C cycle. Therefore, even small changes in SOC stocks cause important CO 2 fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. However, SOC stocks are difficult to quantify accurately due to their high spatial variability. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the potential of Imaging Spectroscopy (IS) using the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI; 405-950 nm) and field spectroscopy with an Analytical Spectral Devices spectrometer (ASD; 350-2500 nm) to measure SOC content in heterogeneous agricultural soils. We used both stepwise and partial least square (PLS) regression analysis to relate spectral measurements to SOC contents. Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) for the ASD ranged from 2.4 to 3.3 g C kg 21 depending on soil moisture content of the surface layer. Imaging spectroscopy performed poorly, mainly due to the narrow spectral range of the CASI. Tests using both the CASI and the Shortwave infrared Airborne Spectrographic Imager (SASI; 900-2500 nm) showed better results. The variation in soil texture and soil moisture content degrades the spectral response to SOC contents. Currently, SEP allows to detect a SOC stock change of 7.2-9.9 Mg C ha 21 in the upper 30 cm of the soil, and is therefore still somewhat high in comparison with changes in SOC stocks as a result of management or land conversion (0.3-1.9 Mg C ha 21 yr 21). A detailed SOC maps produced by IS reflected the patterns in SOC contents due to the recent conversion from grassland to cropland.

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