PROBLEMThe retarding effects of counselor race upon the responses of Negroes have been hypothesized in the areas of counseling and psychotherapy(6, '), test-examination(aB 6, and education(*). This study attempted to determine the effects upon eight Negroes in initial clinical interviews of an inexperienced Negro counselor and three white counselors of varying degrees of experience and types of training. METHODFour counselors were involved : Counselor A, an inexperienced 20-year old Negro senior undergraduate student who had taken only an undergraduate course in "Counseling Theory and Practice" oriented toward counseling as a communication process between two parties to a relationship(2); Counselor B, a relatively inexperienced 25-year old white second-year graduate student who had previously seen several clients in a counseling psychology program oriented in the same manner; Counselor C, a relatively experienced, 25-year old white third-year graduate student in a separate guidance counselor education program of a differing orientation who had had a year of experience in guidance activities but who also had taken the same undergraduate course as the Negro counselor; and Counselor D, a 32-year old white Ph.D. with eight years' experience from a nationally prominent program with a traditional trait-and-factor counseling system not oriented toward counselorclient differences. The three white counselors were selected by two experienced clinicians to match the personal attractiveness, intelligence, politeness, quietness, and apparent sincerity of the Negro counselor. The Negro counselees included four male and four female undergraduate students at the University of Massachusetts.I n a counterbalanced design, during consecutive weeks, each counselee saw each counselor for an initial clinical interview. Each counselee was given the following instructions: "All of us, in the present or during the past year or so, have had a number of experiences or problems which have been difficult for us. If you feel that the person you will be seeing is helpful, please feel free to discuss these experiences." Most of the problems discussed involved the difficulties in making an adjustment in the educational setting. The counselors were instructed to be aa helpful aa they could with the counselees. The interviews were recorded, and following each interview the counselees filled out inventories on each counselor and following all interviews answered questions concerning all of the counselors.Random excerpts were taken from the tapes and rated by trained raters on five 5-point scales (4) assessing the following dimensions of interpersonal functioning which have been related to constructive client changes in counseling and psychotherapy: Counselor empathy (E) ; counselor respect ( R ) ; counselor genuineness (G) ; counselor concreteness or specificity of expression (C) ; client depth of self-exploration (Ex) (4). E ranges from level 1, where the counselor is unaware or ignorant of even the most conspicuous surface feelings of the counsele...

following a "crisis" or an inability on the part of the client to explore herself are important.Counselor B, OR the other hand, was not manipulated by the client's level of process involvement. However, rather than continuing to function consistently across the interview, he tended to function at higher levels with the introduction of the experimental period. He seemed to invest more of himself in an attempt to relate the client's impersonal expressions to very deep and personal experiences, and actually commented a number of times that he felt that the client was "running away" from significant material during period 2. It is noteworthy that during period 3 counselor B functioned a t levels significantly higher than during period 1.The results suggest that although the level of counselor-offered conditions may be determined by the counselor, the client's level of intrapersonal exploration has differential effects upon counselor-offered conditions, effects which may cancel each other out when averaged. The need for replication with larger numbers of counselors and clients is obvious and necessary. SUMMARYTwo counselors, of identical training and experience, one functioning a t high levels of empathy, respect, genuineness and concreteness and the other functioning a t low levels, were seen by a client who, unknown to the counselors, had a response set to explore herself deeply during the first third of the interview, not a t all during the middle 20 minutes and then again during the last third of the session. Objective tape ratings indicated that the low level functioning counselor functioned at levels related to the client's depth of self-exploration. The higher level functioning counselor functioned a t higher levels following the introduction of the experimental period. -_ -_ andbtratton, 1964. 3. TRIJAX, C. B. and CARKHUFF, R . R. The experimental manipulation of therapeutic conditions.

Volunteer college students were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the training group proper (I), which employed (1) previously validated research scales assessing the dimensions of empathy, positive regard, genuineness, concreteness and self-exploration and (2) a cjuasi-thcrupeutic experience, the training control group (II) which did everything that the training group did with the exception of the employment of the research scales and the group therapy experience, a control group proper (III) which received no training experience. Pre-post measures were taken on the following four indices assessing trainee empathic understanding, positive regard, genuineness and the degree of self-ex-ploration elicited in others: objective tape ratings, inventory reports of standard interviewees; inventory reports of significant others, and inventory self reports. Over-all, the hypothesis was supported m general. Group I consistently demonstrated the greatest amount of change, Group II demonstrated change of greater significance than Group III in almost all cases

A study to determine the effects of the manipulation of therapeutic conditions upon the depth of self-exploration of persons functioning at high levels and persons functioning at low levels of empathy, respect, genuineness, and concreteness. 11 college students were cast in the helping role The 3 functioning at the highest levels of facihtative conditions-and the 3 lowest functioning were selected to participate as "clients" in a counseling project where, unknown to the clients, the counselor offered high levels of conditions during the 1st 20 min., low conditions during the middle period, and high conditions again during the final period The deptli of self-exploration of the low-functioning clients was found to be a significant function of the level of conditions offered by the counselor while the mtrapersonal exploration of the high-functioning clients continued independent of the level of conditions offered by the counselor and was significantly higher than that of the low-functioning clients. Implications are considered.

Recent research portrays the counselor as not only tender, gentle, loving, and passive‐receptive in a Farsonian sense but also active and assertive, and able to confront and interpret immediacy when appropriate. Functional definitions of masculinity and femininity would suggest that the counselor initiates communication and is action‐oriented as well as responsive and facilitative. Those counselors who offer the highest levels of facilitative dimensions also offer the highest levels of action‐oriented dimensions.