In this work, the effect of walking speed on the energy expenditure in traumatic lower-limb amputees was studied. The oxygen consumption was measured in 10 transfemoral amputees, 9 transtibial amputees and 13 control subjects, while they stood and walked at different speeds from 0.3 m s(-1) to near their maximum sustainable speed. Standing energy expenditure rate was the same in lower-limb amputees and in control subjects (approximately 1.85 W kg(-1)). On the contrary, during walking, the net energy expenditure rate was 30-60% greater in transfemoral amputees and 0-15% greater in transtibial amputees than in control subjects. The maximal sustainable speed was about 1.2 m s(-1) in transfemoral amputees and 1.6 m s(-1) in transtibial amputees, whereas it was above 2 m s(-1) in control subjects. Among these three groups, the cost of transport versus speed presented a U-shaped curve; the minimum cost increased with the level of amputation, and the speed at which this minimum occurred decreased.
We consider an industry including both leveraged and unleveraged firms engaged in a sequential decision-making process. At the first stage a firm and its bank, considering the production cost uncertainty and the probability distribution of the random shock, evaluate a bankruptcy risk; at the second stage firms engage in Cournot competition. By introducing an additional upstream stage we examine how incentives to merge with competitors are altered when shareholders of leveraged firms are protected by the limited liability. We demonstrate that a merger increases the probability of bankruptcy for the merged firm if the merger involves only leveraged firms, but this probability decreases if the merger involves at least one unleveraged firm. The welfare loss associated with anticompetitive effects of mergers is lower when the coalition gathers unleveraged firms rather than leveraged ones. Consequently, we argue that in evaluating proposed mergers Competition Authorities should take into account the financial structure of both merging firms and outsiders.
Les déterminants micro- et macro-économiques de la mobilité interrégionale sont analysés, en France entre 2004 et 2009, pour une cohorte d’individus récemment diplômés. L’analyse micro-économique mobilise des modèles Probit pour expliquer la probabilité de mobilité, temporaire ou permanente, des individus. En outre, l’incidence de la mobilité interrégionale sur les salaires est évaluée avec une attention particulière portée au rôle potentiel du processus d’auto-sélection des individus. Selon notre approche, l’éducation influence directement la probabilité d’être employé et, indirectement, la mobilité. Dans ce cadre, les précédents travaux ont eu tendance à sous-estimer le rendement de la mobilité et surestimer celui de l’investissement en capital humain. Finalement, l’estimation des flux monétaires résultant de la migration des travailleurs révèle des déséquilibres importants entre régions.
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