Quantitation of neuroxin-1, ataxin-3 and atlastin genes related to grooming behavior in five races of honey bee, Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in Turkey 1 Türkiye'deki beş bal arısı, Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) ırkında tımar davranışı ile ilgili neuroxin-1, ataxin-3 ve atlastin genlerinin kantitasyonu Berkant İsmail YILDIZ 2

Infectious animal diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses threaten the health and well-being of wildlife, livestock and human populations, limit productivity and causes significant economic losses for each. Avian oncogenic viruses are one of the most dangerous pathogenic microorganisms that threaten the poultry industry and cause damage of over billions dollars annually worldwide. These viruses include a highly contagious herpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV), as well as retroviruses such as avian leukosis virus (ALV) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). Each group is distinguished by its nucleic acid type, antigenicity, epidemiology, host range and molecular characteristics. These viruses are cells associated with tumors and are in all organs except in the feather follicle where enveloped infectious virions egress from the body. It is difficult to detect diseases caused by these viruses and at the same time, vaccines that can provide sterile immunity against these diseases and prevent infection are incomplete. In order to be able to fight oncogenic viruses more effectively in the future, it is vital to learn more about the host immunity-oncovirus interaction and to determine powerful diagnostic techniques. In this review, oncogenic viruses and effective diagnostic techniques for these viruses are emphasized in poultry.

The insulin signaling pathway is a highly conserved mechanism in vertebrate and invertebrate that regulates many physiological processes such as metabolism, growth and development. Insulin becomes functional after binding to insulin receptors in most tissues. Any disorder in the regulation of insulin release or downstream signaling leads to a variety of metabolic diseases including diabetes and obesity. In general, researchers have focused on the role of insulin signaling in metabolism, cell proliferation, development, growth and ageing, but the role of insulin in regulating insect behavior and interactions between neural circuits has been an interesting and neglected issue. In this review we focused on the possible effects of the insulin signaling pathway on grooming behavior in honey bees.

Grooming behavior, which is one of the behavioral resistance mechanisms based on the genetic basis in honeybees, is a defense response against parasitic mites, especially Varroa mite. In recent years, scientists and beekeepers have focused on bee breeding in terms of grooming behavior, because honey bees showing grooming behavior have the potential to can protect themselves against Varroa destructor. It is of great importance to determine the genes and gene regions related to this behavior before starting the breeding studies in terms of grooming behavior. In this respect, the right honey bee species or races can be selected and the success rate will increase. In researches, it was found that bees exhibit different grooming behaviors level according to species and races. Therefore, some species and races were found to be more successful than others. Especially in neural, developmental, detoxification and health-related gene expression studies, it has been shown that some gene expression is in direct proportion to the intensity of grooming behavior. While the genes responsible for grooming behavior are not known exactly, studies are underway to solve the genetic mechanism of this behavior. In this study, we reviewed the effects of neural gene expression on grooming behavior. Berkant İsmail YILDIZ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8965-6361 Kemal KARABAĞ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-6480 Cite as: Yıldız Bİ, Karabağ K. 2020. Effects of neural gene expressions on grooming behavior in honey bees. BSJ Eng Sci, 3(2): 60-63.