Values of egg weight, egg length, egg width, eggshape index, eggshell weight, eggshell ratio, eggshell thickness, eggshell surface area, unit surface area and egg volume were determined as 40.14 g, 49.47 mm, 37.89 mm, 0.76%, 6.48 g, 16%, 0.54 mm, 65.69 cm 2 , 0.11 g/cm 2 and 38.21 cm 3 , respectively. In addition, values of yolk weight, yolk height, yolk width, yolk index, yolk ratio, albumen height, albumen width, albumen length, albumen weight, albumen index, yolk/albumen ratio and haugh unit were found as 13.58 g, 14.99 mm, 40.64 mm, 37%, 33%, 4.77 mm, 62.97 mm, 80.07 mm, 21.62 g, 6.7%, 68% and 74.97%, respectively. According to the results determined in this study, all most all external quality traits of the egg were changed at the significant levels depending on the change occurred in the egg weight. The results indicated that egg weight influences external egg quality traits of quinea fowl. The positive correlations obtained among the egg quality traits indicated that they can be improved phenotypically through selection. Keywords: Guinea fowl, Egg weight, Egg quality, Phenotypic correlation Beç Tavuğu Yumurtalarında İç ve Dış Kalite Özellikleri Arasındaki Fenotipik Korelasyonların Belirlenmesi ÖzetBu çalışmada Beç tavuğu yumurtalarında iç ve dış kalite özellikleri ile bu özellikler arasındaki fenotipik korelasyonların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla toplam 100 adet Beç tavuğu yumurtası kullanılmıştır. Araştırma Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni Bölümü Hayvancılık Birimi'inde yürütülmüştür. Yumurta ağırlığı, yumurta uzunluğu, yumurta eni, şekil indeksi, kabuk ağırlığı, kabuk oranı, kabuk kalınlığı, kabuk yüzey alanı, birim yüzey alanı ve yumurta hacmi sırasıyla 40.14 g, 49.47 mm, 37.89 mm, %0.76, 6.48 g, %16, 0.54 mm, 65.69 cm 2 , 0.11 g/cm 2 ve 38.21 cm 3 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, sarı ağırlığı, sarı yüksekliği, sarı genişliği, sarı indeksi, sarı oranı, ak yüksekliği, ak genişliği, ak uzunluğu, ak ağırlığı, ak indeksi, sarı/ak oranı ve haugh birimi de sırasıyla 13.58 g, 14.99 mm, 40.64 mm, %37, %33, 4.77 mm, 62.97 mm, 80.07 mm, 21.62 g, %6.7, %68 ve %74.97 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yumurta ağırlığındaki değişmeye bağlı olarak yumurtanın dış kalite özellikleri önemli derecede değişmiş ve yumurta ağırlığı dış kalite özelliklerini etkilemiştir. Yumurta kalite özellikleri arasında ortaya çıkan önemli korelasyonlar bu özelliklerin fenotipik olarak seleksiyonla iyileştirilebileceğini göstermiştir.

In this study, the aim was to determine the internal and external quality traits of partridge (Alectoris chukar) eggs as well as the Pearson correlation coefficients among these traits. For use in this research, a total of 200 partridge eggs were collected over three sequential days. The partridges were housed at the Research Unit of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Akdeniz. The eggs were categorized according to weight and classified as ≤19.0 g, 19.1-20.0 g, 20.1-21.0 g and ≥21.1 g. Average eggshell thickness was highest in groups of 20.1-21.0 g and ≥21.1 g. In contrast, lowest eggshell weight was calculated in groups of ≤19.0 g and 19.1-20.0 g. In this study, egg shape index, yolk index, Haugh unit, albumen width and unit surface shell weight were not significantly affected by egg weight groups. Whereas egg length, egg width, shell weight, shell thickness, shell surface area, egg volume, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk width, yolk ratio, albumen height, albumen length, albumen weight, albumen index, albumen ratio and yolk/albumen ratio were significantly affected by egg weight groups. At the same time, there was found a significant relationship amongst the internal and external egg quality traits.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of thermal manipulations during early embryogenesis (EE) and late embryogenesis (LE) on body temperature of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Incubation conditions from day 0 to day 17 were 37.78C and 55% relative humidity for control group. In the thermally treated eggs during EE (EE 6 , EE 7 and EE 8 days), incubation temperature was increased to 418C and relative humidity to 65% for 3 hours (12:00Á15:00) on the sixth, seventh and eighth days of incubation. Also, in the LE stage (EL 12 , EL 13 and EL 14 days), incubation temperature was increased to 418C and relative humidity to 65% for 3 hours (12:00Á15:00) on the 12th, 13th and 14th days of incubation. Average temperature, relative humidity and total heat of indoor air were changed from 28.71 to 30.448C, from 45.69 to 57.15% and from 14.67 to 16.16 kcal kg Á1 dry air, respectively. Higher total heat of indoor air in 10Á11 weeks than that of other weeks was found. Significant differences between the control (41.5290.268C) and manipulation groups were found, but no significant difference between the EE (41.2390.408C) and LE (41.2690.378C) groups with respect to body temperatures. Body temperatures of quails were measured as 41.5590.318C, 41.5690.268C; 41.1790.338C and 41.0790.308C at 10, 11, 12 and 13 weeks of age, respectively. In addition, differences among the weeks in point of body temperatures of quails were found to be significant (p B0.01).

Abstract. This study aimed to determine the effects of thermal manipulation during early embryogenesis (EE) and late embryogenesis (LE) on hatching weight, body weight at 5 weeks of age, hatchability and embryonic mortality rate in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Incubation conditions from day 0 to day 17 were; 37.7 °C and 55 % relative humidity for control group. In the thermally treated eggs during early embryogenesis (EE6-EE8 days), incubation temperature was increased to 41 °C and relative humidity to 65 % for 3 hours (12.00-15.00) at 3 consecutive days. Also, in the late embryogenesis stage (LE12-LE14 days), incubation temperature was increased to 41 °C and relative humidity to 65 % 3 hours (12.00–15.00) at 3 consecutive days. At hatch in each trial, all chicks were wing-banded and individually weighted. Thermal manipulations had significant effect on hatching weight, and lowest hatching weights were found in late embryogenesis (LE) group in terms of male and female. In addition, thermal manipulations and gender had significant effect on body weight at 5 weeks of age and lowest body weights at 5 weeks of age were dedected in late embryogenesis (LE) group for both gender.

Phylogenetic analyses can provide a wealth of information about the past demography of a population and the level of genetic diversity within and between species. By using special computer programs developed in recent years, large amounts of data have been produced in the molecular genetics area. To analyze these data, powerful new methods based on large computations have been applied in various software packages and programs. But these programs have their own specific input and output formats, and users need to create different input formats for almost every program. R is an open source software environment, and it supports open contribution and modification to its libraries. Furthermore, it is also possible to perform several analyses using a single input file format. In this article, by using the multiple sequences FASTA format file (.fas extension) we demonstrate and share a workflow of how to extract haplotypes and perform phylogenetic analyses and visualizations in R. As an example dataset, we used 120 Bombus terrestris dalmatinus mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) sequences (373 bp) collected from eight different beehives in Antalya. This article presents a short guide on how to perform phylogenetic analyses using R and RStudio.