Plant genetic resources are the biological basis of global food security. Agricultural diversity and genetic resources should be used more effectively to sustain the current level of food production and to solve future problems. The importance of plant genetic resources in the improvement of varieties with new features is indisputably known. The most effective use of plant genetic resources is undoubtedly in plant breeding and improvement of new varieties. In other words, it is used as a genitor. Since the cultivars are often inadequate in many genes, especially biotic and abiotic stress factors (diseases, pests, cold, drought, etc.), breeders constantly search for new sources of genetic materials. This review is based on reports in the landraces (primitive) varieties and crop wild relatives to explain the importance of genetic resources in plant breeding of reviewing scientific literature to pass.

Giriş rpa, Dünya'da tahıllar içerisinde buğday, mısır ve çeltikten sonra en fazla yetiştirilen cinstir. Arpa önemli bir hayvan yemi olup, besleyicilik değeri mısırın %95'i kadardır. Aynı zamanda arpa bira sanayisinin de temel hammaddesidir.Artan nüfusun ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması, hatalı tarımsal faaliyetler ve erozyon sonucu verimliliğin azalması, tarım alanlarının amaç dışı kullanılması ve stres faktörlerinin giderek şiddetlenmesi gibi nedenlerle daralan ekim alanlarından birim alan veriminin artması zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Bunun içinde; yüksek verimli, yüksek kaliteli ve stres faktörlerine dayanıklı çeşitler geliştirmek önemlidir. Ayrıca bölgelerin iklim ve toprak faktörlerine uygun bitki ve çeşitlerin yetiştirilmesi de büyük önem taşımaktadır.Bitkilerde stres tarımsal üretimi sınırlayan en önemli nedenlerin başında yer almaktadır. Bitkilerde stres; büyüme ve gelişmeyi olumsuz etkileyen dış etkenler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu etkenler, biyotik (bitkiler, mikroorganizmalar ÖzBu araştırma Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü laboratuvarında, bazı arpa çeşitlerinin çimlenme aşamasında tuz stresine olan tepkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada bitki materyali olarak Türkiye'de arpa yetiştiriciliği açısında büyük önem taşıyan; Aydanhanım, Bülbül-89 ve Tarm-92 iki sıralı arpa çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Tuz stresi için NaCl'nin 5 dozu (3, 6, 9, 12 ve 15 g/l) ve kontrol grubu olarak da saf su (0 g/l) uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın 4. gününde çimlenmiş olan tohumlar sayılarak "Çimlenme Hızı" ve 8. günde ikinci sayım ve diğer ölçümler yapılarak "çimlenme gücü", "kök uzunluğu", "sürgün uzunluğu", "yaş ve kuru ağırlık" parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Alınan sonuçlara göre çeşitler, "çimlenme gücü", "kök uzunluğu", "sürgün uzunluğu" ve "kuru ağırlık" parametreleri istatistiki anlamda önemli bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte; tuz dozları için incelenen tüm parametreler ve çeşit x tuz interaksiyonları için ise; "kök uzunluğu", "yaş ve kuru ağırlık" parametrelerinin de istatistiksel olarak önemli çıktığı belirlenmiştir. İncelenen tüm parametrelerde Tarm-92 çeşidinin diğer çeşitlere göre tuza toleransının daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. AbstractThis research was carried out to determine responses of some barley cultivars to salt stress at germination period in laboratory conditions. In this study, Aydanhanım, Bülbül-89 and Tarm-92, which are double-row barley cultivars and have a great importance in terms of barley cultivation in Turkey, were used as a plant material. Six different NaCl doses (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 g/l) were applied. Germination speed on 4 th day of the study, "germination power", "root length", "shoot length", "fresh and dry weight" on 8 th day of the study were examined. According to results; "germination speed", "root length", "shoot length" and "dry matter" has a significant interaction for cultivar interaction. In addition to; all parameters has a significant interaction for NaCl doses and cultivar x NaCl doses interaction's; "root length", "fresh weight" and "dry ...

It is known that genetic diversity is the most important factor in classical and modern plant breeding. The considerable increase in the number of transgenic crops reveals the value of new plant genetic resources. In this study, a set of 12 wheat progenitors were screened for tissue culture parameters such as callus induction, callus weight, regeneration capacity of callus and callus efficiency using mature embryos. Embryos were excised from imbibed seeds of the progenitors. The excised embryos were placed scutellum upwards in dishes containing 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for callus induction. The developed calli and regenerated plants were maintained on 2,4-D free MS medium. When mature embryos of 12 wheat progenitors (Aegilops sp. and Triticum sp.) were compared, significant differences were detected in callus induction frequency, weight of callus, regeneration capacity and culture efficiency. A significant genotypic effect was observed on the culture responses. Of the 12 wheat progenitors tested, Aegilops umbellulata had the highest regeneration capacity of callus. Aegilops biuncialis created the most regenerable calli because of the highest callus induction and culture efficiency. In the experiment, callus induction was significantly correlated with callus weight (r= 0.820) and regeneration capacity (r= 0.955). Weight of callus was significantly correlated with regeneration capacity (r= 0.740), while there was no significant correlation between callus induction frequency and culture efficiency (r= 0.350). Our results showed that, generally, mature embryos of some Aegilops and Triticum species have a high regeneration capacity, and therefore, can be used as an effective explant source for the successful application of biotechnology in crop improvement.

Salinity is the abiotic stress factor that most restricts agricultural production after drought. In this study, mung beans (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) genotypes were analyzed the resistance performance to salinity stress in germination stage and early seedling stage. In accordance with this purpose, 17 mung bean genotypes were used in the study. Genotypes used in the study were treated with distilled water (0) and 2 different salt doses (4 and 8 mmhos cm-1 NaCl) as the control group. Petri dishes were allowed to stay at room temperature (25 ° C) for 9 days, and salt solution was added when required. The data obtained from the study, were obtained on the average of the measurements made on the 9 th day and then analyzed. Germination power, root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight were determined as the analyzed parameters in the study. Increasing NaCl doses generally affected all parameters negatively. According to the analysis of variance with the results obtained, the genotypic effect was found to be statistically significant in all parameters, which was analyzed in this study. Stress dose was found to be statistically significant in all parameters except the dry weight parameter. In addition to this, genotype × stress dose interaction was determined to be statistically significant in germination power, root length and shoot length parameters. Genotypes, which were numbered No.20 and No.24, had maximum results in statistically important parameters such as germination power (97.00-94.11%), root length (1.557-1.563 cm) and shoot length (2.033-1.793 cm) under applied highest salt dose. As a result of this, No.20 and No.24 genotypes were determined to be the more tolerant to salt stress than other genotypes used in the study. As a conclusion, it is suggested that No.20 and No.24 genotypes can be used as parental plants in the breeding of new varieties tolerant to salinity in the future.

Background: Vicia sativa L. is variable genus comprised of several subspecies. Close relative species and subspecies of the cultivated species are easily usable gene sources because they have gained resistance against a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. The main objectives of this study are to identify and describe the cytogenetical and karyological characteristics of subspecies in the Vicia sativa complex.Methods: The research material consisted of multiple entries collected from the five subspecies of nine taxa. All cytological observations made from root tips. Six chromosomal parameters (chromosome length, relative length, long arm length, short arm length, arm ratio and centromeric index) and five karyotype asymmetric parameters (difference in relative length, total form percentage, intrachromosomal asymmetry index, interchromosomal asymmetry index and mean centromeric asymmetry) were determined.Result: It was determined that the chromosome number of subspecies were 2n =10-12. The haploid chromosome lengths of subspecies were 15.86-33.88 µm and the average chromosome lengths varied between 2.64-5.65 µm. According to the intrachromosomal karyotype asymmetry index analysis, subsp. segetalis was the most asymmetric karyotype and subsp. sativa “Antalya” was the most symmetric karyotype. According to the interchromosomal karyotype asymmetry index analysis, subsp. angustifolia was the most asymmetric karyotype and subsp. nigra was the most symmetric karyotype.

Salinity is one of the most serious environmental stress factors that can affect plant growth negatively and reduce productivity [1]. Today, about 800 million hectares of farmland, 20% of the world's crop production areas, and about 50% of irrigated agricultural areas are affected by salinity [2][3][4][5]. Salinity leads to osmotic stress, ion imbalance, and nutrition deficiency. If the salinity in the soil is too high, the capability of plants to obtain water from the soil is weakened because of excessive external osmotic pressure, which slows down the growth rate and causes the leaf to start wilting [6].Survival is one of the agronomic selection criteria to identify plant tolerance to salinity stress. Survival capability to stress factors begins with the seed germination phase. It is the first growth stage of the plants cultivating and is negatively affected by salinity [7,8]. Several previous studies have stated that the seed

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Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is known as one of the important crop of the Vigna group. In order to determine morphological traits of mungbean, multivariate analysis will provide important advantages in the selection phase of future breeding programs. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to determine and classify these traits. Multivariate analysis, that includes principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), is considered the best tool for selecting promising genotypes in the future breeding programs. Methods: Eighteen landraces and two species were used to classify morphological traits in this study. Nine different morphological traits were observed during the research period. These are; days to 50% flowering (DFT), plant height (PH), branches per plant (BPP), clusters per plant (CPP), number of pods per cluster (PPC), seed yield per plot (SYPP), biomass yield per plot (BYPP), harvest index (HI), 1000 seed weight (SW). Result: Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a high level of variation among the genotypes. Therefore, high variability was observed in DFT (36-59 day), PH (39-76 cm), BPP (3-7), CPP (4-21), SYPP (231-824 g), BYPP (3300-10300 g), HI (6.77-11.25%) and 1000 SW (19.95-50.50 g). According to cluster analysis, landraces with the least genetic diversity distance between them in terms of morphological traits examined were determined as 2 and 3.