Objective: The aim of this paper was to discuss differences between having a child perspective and taking the child´s perspective based on the problem being investigated Methods: Conceptual paper based on narrative review.Results: The child´s perspective in research concerning children that need additional support are important. The difference between having a child perspective and taking the child"s perspective in conjunction with the need to know children"s opinions has been discussed in the literature. From an ideological perspective the difference between the two perspectives seems self-evident, but the perspectives might be better seen as different ends on a continuum solely from an adult"s view of children to solely the perspective of children themselves.Depending on the research question, the design of the study may benefit from taking either perspective. In this article, we discuss the difference between the perspectives based on the problem being investigated, children"s capacity to express opinions, environmental adaptations and the degree of interpretation needed to understand children"s opinions.
A caring encounter involving a child with ASD in the anesthesia and radiology contexts requires advance planning, catered specifically to the individual needs of each child. To accomplish this, general knowledge regarding ASD and ASD's particular manifestation in the child entrusted to their care is required from the health care workers. The organization needs to have structures in place to facilitate this process.
It is suggested that guidelines should be developed in order to increase interaction in a supportive way and decrease anxiety during the peri-radiographic process with children with ASD.
Perioperative and anesthesia guidelines for children with autism: A nationwide survey from Sweden. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(6) The overall aim of this study was to describe the current set of guidelines for the preparation and care for children with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the perioperative setting across Sweden and explore the content of these guidelines in detail. Method: An online questionnaire was distributed to the chairpersons of all anesthesia departments (n= 68) and pediatric departments (n= 38) throughout Sweden. Follow-up phone calls were made to those departments that did not return the questionnaire. The presence of guidelines was analyzed via descriptive statistics. These guidelines and comments on routines used in these departments were analyzed inspired by conventional content analysis. Results: Seven out of the 68 anesthesia departments and none out of the 38 pediatric departments across Sweden have guidelines for preparing and/or administering care to children with ASD within the perioperative setting. From the guidelines and routines used, 3 categories emerge: "lacking the necessary conditions," "no extra considerations needed" and "care with specific consideration for children with ASD." These 3 categories span a continuum in the care. In the first category, the anesthesia induction could result in the child with ASD being physically restrained. In the last category, the entire encounter with the health care service would be adapted to the specific needs of the child. Conclusion: There is a lack of evidence-based guidelines specifically designed to meet the needs of children with ASD in the preoperative period in Sweden. Further research is needed to understand if children with ASD would benefit from evidence-based guidelines.
Journal of
Background and aim The curious phenomenon phantom limbs early became the object of research, and its underlying mechanisms have been discussed over the years. The complex nature of phantom phenomena makes interpretation of the results ambiguous, regarding both prevalence and the accompanying suffering. There is a lack of knowledge about how amputees experience the meaning and consequences of phantom phenomena. The present aim, therefore, was to investigate how individuals, in an interview situation, described the qualities of possible perceived phantom phenomena, and how their experience affected their lives one month after the amputation/mastectomy. Methods Twenty-eight women and men who had undergone a limb amputation or mastectomy were interviewed. The focused, narrative-oriented interviews were transcribed verbatim and the scripts were analysed with content analysis. Results One month after the amputation the informants described and related their phantom pain and phantom sensations in sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective and cognitive-evaluative dimensions. The phantom sensations were experienced mainly as more agonizing than the phantom pain. Despite both the high intensity of and the high annoyance at the phantom pain and phantom sensations, a majority felt that the phantom phenomena were not a hindrance in their attempts to recapture ordinary life. But when the hindrance was evaluated as high, the annoyance was evaluated as the highest possible for both phenomena or for the phantom sensations alone, never for phantom pain alone. The interviewees' reported attitudes of hindrance were also described and estimated in the light of their sociocultural circumstances. Thus, other preceding and/or co-existent pain conditions as well as factors such as pre-operative information, the respondents' views on pain treatment, and their knowledge and understanding of phantom phenomena were mentioned and related to the pain-producing situation. Two-thirds of the interviewees had received post-surgical information and for some, the phenomena were well-known from earlier experience. A majority applied some version of the medical explanation model, irrespective of age or level of education. However neither information nor medical explanation, or both, sufficed for them to understand their own phantom phenomena. Thus, differences between the concepts explanation and understanding seemed significant for the annoyance related to the phantom phenomena. Regarding background data (i) the majority of the interviewees had had pre-amputation pain problems; (ii) the breast-cancer phantoms differed in several ways; (iii) there were some age and gender differences in the descriptions of hindrance. Conclusions and implications These findings highlight the importance of observing the individual approach to the phenomena as a process of evaluation and selection. In addition, experience and understanding of the phantoms also have sociocultural aspects. There follows the need for individualized communication and information from th...
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