Monceren 250 SC is a commercial fungicide with the active ingredient 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-(cyclopentyl)-3-phenylurea, also known as pencycuron. This compound inhibits the growth of fungi as Rhizoctonia solani that invades potato, rice, and cotton or as Pellicularia spp, which contaminates lettuce and tomato crops. In this study, we assessed genotoxicity or DNA damage by the alkaline comet assay in zebrafish blastula-stage embryos exposed to 250 to 1250 μg/mL of the Monceren fungicide or to Bleomycin (0.25 μg/mL) used as a positive control. Additionally, survival and spontaneous movement were monitored in embryos after exposure to different concentrations of fungicide. DNA damage was evaluated using three genotoxicity parameters of the alkaline comet assay: tail length, tail moment, and tail intensity. We found that Monceren 250 SC fungicide induces DNA damage, as shown by significant increases in the three genotoxicity parameters in zebrafish embryos compared with control embryos nonexposed to Monceren. Tail intensity was the more accurate parameter to evaluate genotoxicity levels in zebrafish embryos. At 48 h after exposure to the fungicide, the survival rate of larvae-embryos was reduced to 40-45%. This study shows that the Monceren 250 SC fungicide exerts genotoxic effects in zebrafish during early stages of development.
Movento® 240SC and Envidor® 240SC are new insecticide derivatives of tetramic acid belonging to a keto-enol pesticide family. However, few studies have reported genotoxic effects in nontarget organisms. In the present study, the genotoxic effects of Movento® 240SC and Envidor® 240SC on Drosophila melanogaster ovaries were analyzed using the alkaline comet assay. Simultaneously, we determined the LD 50 for both insecticides. Virgin females were exposed to food at three sublethal concentrations (11.2, 22.4, 37.3 mg/L) of Movento® 240SC and (12.3, 24.6, 41.1 mg/L) of Envidor® 240SC for 72 hr. As a negative control group, females were exposed to food without insecticides, and as a positive control group, females were exposed to 17.5 mg/L bleomycin under the same experimental conditions. We analyzed three genotoxic parameters, tail length, tail moment, and tail intensity, in ovarian cells. The results showed that 11.2 mg/L Movento® 240SC insecticide significantly increased the tail intensity mean in ovarian cells compared with the negative control. However, 22.4 and 37.3 mg/L Movento® 240SC significantly increased tail length and tail moment means compared with the negative control. Envidor® 240SC insecticide at 12.3, 24.6, 41.1 mg/L significantly increased the three genotoxic parameters in ovarian cells compared with the negative control. The LD 50 values of Movento® 240SC and Envidor® 240SC insecticides were 79.1 mg/L and 78.0 mg/L, respectively. The genotoxic response of the two keto-enol pesticides was dependent on the concentration of each pesticide. The results demonstrated that Movento® 240SC and Envidor® 240SC keto-enol insecticides are genotoxic agents in D. melanogaster ovaries.
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