Raman spectroscopy is among the primary techniques for the characterisation of graphene materials, as it provides insights into the quality of measured graphenes including their structure and conductivity as well as the presence of dopants. However, our ability to draw conclusions based on such spectra is limited by a lack of understanding regarding the origins of the peaks. Consequently, traditional characterisation techniques, which estimate the quality of the graphene material using the intensity ratio between the D and the G peaks, are unreliable for both GO and rGO. Herein we reanalyse the Raman spectra of graphenes and show that traditional methods rely upon an apparent G peak which is in fact a superposition of the G and D’ peaks. We use this understanding to develop a new Raman characterisation method for graphenes that considers the D’ peak by using its overtone the 2D’. We demonstrate the superiority and consistency of this method for calculating the oxygen content of graphenes, and use the relationship between the D’ peak and graphene quality to define three regimes. This has important implications for purification techniques because, once GO is reduced beyond a critical threshold, further reduction offers limited gain in conductivity.

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Adolescents seeking help for mental disorders have many options for effective treatment and, as such, evidence‐based practice needs to be able to match individual adolescents with the most effective treatment approach. However, there is no definitive guide to what treatment regimen will be most effective for a given adolescent. This entry discusses various approaches to treatment selection, including developmental and demographic considerations, varying treatment modalities (i.e., psychosocial, pharmacological, somatic), clinical staging, and transdiagnostic approaches to both the prevention and the treatment of adolescent‐onset mental disorders. While diagnosis is a powerful tool to match clients to treatments, recent advances are increasingly allowing practitioners to move beyond this framework to address each individual and their presenting psychopathology more precisely. Along with providing effective intervention for individual cases of mental disorders, practitioners must also move beyond the treatment of individual clients, and measure success by the reduction of population‐wide mental distress.