The method presented here is suited to the real-time characterization of fluids pumped from an oil layer. Two kinds of flow in the production line are studied: homogeneous flow of oil and water and annular flow (oil and water plus a gas column). The method is based on dielectric spectroscopy. Two probes are used: one at high frequency (around 40 GHz) to determine the composition of the liquid phase, i.e. the oil–liquid ratio (OLR) and the water–liquid ratio (WLR); a second one at low frequency (10–800 MHz) to calculate the gas ratio or gas hold-up (GHU). The electromagnetic models of each probe are presented. Experimental results for static and dynamic fluids (measurements on a two phase flow loop) validate the principle for homogeneous and annular flows for GHU between 60% and 95%.
Microwave reflectometry is applied to multiphase flow metering in the context of oil extraction. Our sensor consists of two open-ended coaxial probes operating at complementary frequencies (at 600 MHz and around 36 GHz) and was designed to resist harsh field conditions. This paper presents and comments on results obtained in realistic dynamic conditions, on a triphasic flow loop (water–oil–gas). The main conclusions are the following: Bruggeman–Hanai's mixing rule applies to natural emulsions and can be used to determine the composition of the water–oil liquid phase; results obtained for annular flows are very sensitive to small perturbations such as bubbles or waves at the liquid–gas interface; in the case of triphasic slug flows, the composition of the liquid phase can be estimated by proper filtering of the data.
In this paper, a modal resolution model of an open ended coaxial probe has been applied to the characterization of biphasic flows composed with water and gas. The sensitivity of the probe to the local fluid structure has been underlined. It has been shown that flow perturbations are responsible for the reduction of the range of applicability of the model.
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