The angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) and its octapeptide ligand, angiotensin II (AngII), engage multiple downstream signaling pathways, including those mediated by heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins (G proteins) and those mediated by β-arrestin. Here, we examined AT1R-mediated Gα(q) and β-arrestin signaling with multiple AngII analogs bearing substitutions at position 8, which is critical for binding to the AT1R and its activation of G proteins. Using assays that discriminated between ligand-promoted recruitment of β-arrestin to the AT1R and its resulting conformational rearrangement, we extend the concept of biased signaling to include the analog's propensity to differentially promote conformational changes in β-arrestin, two responses that were differentially affected by distinct G protein-coupled receptor kinases. The efficacy of AngII analogs in activating extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 correlated with the stability of the complexes between β-arrestin and AT1R in endosomes, rather than with the extent of β-arrestin recruitment to the receptor. In vascular smooth muscle cells, the ligand-induced conformational changes in β-arrestin correlated with whether the ligand promoted β-arrestin-dependent migration or proliferation. Our data indicate that biased signaling not only occurs between G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated pathways but also occurred at the level of the AT1R and β-arrestin, such that different AngII analogs selectively engaged distinct β-arrestin conformations, which led to specific signaling events and cell responses.
Background and purpose: d-Opioid receptors (DOP receptors) could represent a novel target in the treatment of depressive disorders. To explore this new field of interest, the development of highly selective DOP receptor agonists is essential. UFP-512 [H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(CH 2 -COOH)-Bid], was recently shown to behave in vitro as a selective and potent DOP receptor agonist and to promote antidepressant-and anxiolytic-like effects in vivo (Vergura et al., 2007). Here, we have characterized the pharmacological properties of UFP-512 and established a link between desensitization and tolerance. Experimental approach: Studies were performed in the human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE cells to establish i) binding parameters for UFP-512 ii) signalling pathways activated after acute and chronic treatment iii) regulation (phosphorylation and trafficking) of human DOP (hDOP) receptors after sustained activation by UFP-512. In vivo, we studied UFP-512-induced antidepressant-like effects after acute or chronic treatment in the mouse forced swimming test. Key results: In vitro, UFP-512 was a high affinity agonist for DOP receptors. While UFP-512 induced marked phosphorylation of DOP receptors on Ser 363 , we observed a low desensitization of the cAMP pathway, associated with receptor endocytosis and recycling without any reduction on extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 activation. In vivo, acute administration of UFP-512 produced an antidepressant-like effect, without any sign of tolerance after chronic administration. Conclusions and implications: There was a correlation between weak desensitization, significant internalization and recycling of the human DOP receptors and lack of tolerance to UFP-512. This suggests that this compound would be a promising drug prototype for exploring innovative treatments for mood disorders.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.