Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been shown to be involved in cancer metastasis in several cancer types. There is however conflicting evidence of HIF-1α expression with oral cancer prognosis. Therefore, this study set out to investigate HIF-1α overexpression and its relationship with the aggressiveness and grade of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to explore the diagnostic potential of HIF-1α overexpression in OSCC in a cohort of Pakistani patients. Immunostaining of HIF-1α was performed on 54 OSCC and 14 normal oral mucosa (NOM) tissue samples and various cut-offs were used to evaluate its immunohistochemical expression. HIF-1α expression in OSCC samples was significantly higher than in controls, with minimal immunoreactivity in NOM. HIF-1α overexpression was significantly associated with increased tumor size (p = 0.046). However, no association was found between HIF-1α overexpression and increasing Broder’s histological grade or TNM stage. The cut-off >10% cells with moderate to marked intensity carried a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 100% to distinguish between tumor and control. ROC curve analysis of HIF-1α weighted histoscores showedHIF-1α overexpression as a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic test (p < 0.001, AUC = 0.833). HIF-1α overexpression is a tumor-specific finding associated with increased tumor size and carries a potential diagnostic role.
Introduction Matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) is considered as one of the most promising diagnostic markers for periodontal disease. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been correlated with impaired collagen synthesis and an increase in periodontal tissue susceptibility to pathogenic microorganisms. Objective This study aims to investigate the impact of ADT on salivary MMP‐8 level and periodontal parameters, which might be useful in monitoring periodontal disease in prostate cancer patients undergoing ADT. Materials and Methods A total of 88 subjects were selected and were divided into two groups: Group I included n = 78 PC patients who have been undergoing ADT); Group II included n = 10 healthy individuals. Periodontal parameters such as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), periodontal probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were examined. The salivary MMP‐8 level was estimated by using the sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method. Results Significant differences in mean salivary MMP‐8 level were found between PC patients undergoing ADT and healthy individuals. Salivary MMP‐8 levels of all individuals were positively correlated with GI, PI, PPD, and CAL. Salivary MMP‐8 can distinguish between periodontitis and healthy individuals with an accuracy of about 80%. Conclusion Salivary MMP‐8 levels were found to be higher in prostate cancer patients undergoing ADT compared to healthy individuals.
Objective: The aim of the study was to find the hypolipidemic effect of natural herbs such as Curcuma longa, Fenugreek leaves and Lemon on the cholesterol level of the body for prevention against atherosclerotic plaques. Materials & Methods: In this study, we have compared the hypolipidemic effects of Fenugreek, Curcuma longa, and Lemon. The study was conducted at Jinnah Hospital Lahore-Pakistan from August to December 2018. Ninety hyperlipidemic patients of age group 19years to 70years were included in the study. Diabetic, alcoholics, hypertensive patients and those with impaired renal or liver functions were excluded from the study. After taking consent from all the participants. their base line lipid profile was taken in the biochemistry laboratory of the hospital. They were divided into three groups i.e. 30 patients in each group. Group-I was advised to take 500 mg of Curcuma longa (haldi) mixed in fresh milk without cream, thrice daily for two months. GroupII patients were advised to take 100 grams of Fenugreek leaves mixed with salad in each meal (thrice daily) for a period of two months. Group-III patients were advised to take 40 ml of fresh lemon juice mixed with 40 ml mineral water thrice daily for two months. They all were advised not to take heavy meal rich with any type of fat, etc. One hour daily brisk walk was advised to all participants. 15 days follow up visit was scheduled for them. After two months their lipid profile was re-determined. Results: When results were compiled and statistically analyzed by applying paired ‘t’ test, it revealed that Curcuma longa decreased total cholesterol, TG, LDL cholesterol 16.10, 20.01, and 17.59 mg/dl respectively. Fenugreek decreased total cholesterol, TGs, and LDL cholesterol 14.70, 17.33, and 17.06 mg/dl respectively. Lemon in two months therapy decreased total cholesterol, TGs, and LDL cholesterol 15.45, 10.13, and 11.97 mg/dl respectively. None of the above mentioned herbs raised HDL cholesterol significantly. Conclusion: It can be concluded from this research work that Curcuma longa, Fenugreek leaves and Lemon are mild to moderately effective hypolipidemic herbs to lower total plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol.
Objective: To determine the association between inflammatory mast cells and various diseases of the salivary glands. Material and Methods: An experimental lab based descriptive study was done at the institute of pathology at diagnostic medicine, Khyber medical university, Peshawar. Non probability, convenient sampling comprising of n=71was done and tissue biopsies of salivary gland diseases were collected from April, 2022 to Sept. 2022. Gross examination, followed by tissue processing and routine Hematoxylin and Eosin staining was done. Giemsa stain was done to visualize the inflammatory mast cell population, microscopically. Mast cell count at the invasive site of the tumor within the underlying connective tissue/ lamina propria as well as intra-tumoral stromal tissue was calculated and recorded in peri- and intra-tumor stromal fields. Result: It was found that out of all the 71 included cases 24% were non-neoplastic and 76% were neoplastic lesions. The mean age of affected patients is around 47.5 years while the male to female ratio is 1.4:1. Mucocele was the most prevalent non neoplastic lesion while adenoid cystic carcinoma was found to be the most commonly encountered malignancy. Mast Cell count was almost the same for peri-tumoral and intra-lesional areas of benign salivary gland tumours. It was significantly high in malignant tumours such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Conclusion: Mast cell may serve as a potential cause for varying degree of inflammatory response in case of neoplastic salivary gland lesions.
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may arise from premalignant oral lesions (PMOL) in most cases. Minichromosome maintenance 3 (MCM3) is a proliferative marker that has been investigated as a potential diagnostic biomarker in the diagnosis of oral cancer. Objectives: To evaluate the association of MCM3 expression, its clinicopathologic parameters and to identify snuff (also called naswar) as a potential risk factor for changes in MCM3 expression in PMOL and OSCC. Methodology: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of MCM3 was performed on 32 PMOL, 32 OSCC and 16 normal controls after optimization of IHC methodology. Histoscore (0–300) was used as a scoring system and seven different cut-offs were identified for analyses. Data were analyzed using various statistical tests. Results: Among the seven cutoffs, 40% strong positive cells were found to be a better cut-off as they were associated with many pathological variables (Broder’s grade, Aneroth’s grade, and mitotic activity). The differential MCM3 expression in oral lesions (PMOL and OSCC) was statistically significant (p = 0.03). Moreover, MCM3 expression is raised with increased duration and frequency of snuff use. Conclusion: High MCM3 expression is associated with disease progression and is a potential indicator of malignant transformations from PMOL to OSCC. Moreover, the use of snuff is associated with MCM3 over-expression.
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