Despite the development of urban drainage systems over the past 5000 years, there are still many challenges to their effective use. There are growing demands with respect to runoff quantity and quality, visual amenity (landscape aesthetics), protection of ecology and beneficial water uses and interaction with the operation of existing municipal wastewater systems. Current solutions that rely mainly on pipe networks may not be sustainable, especially in developing countries. By considering the driving forces in action during the first years of the 21st century, different scenarios for the future use and development of urban drainage systems can be proposed; all of them rather pessimistic. The implementation of the sustainable management of urban water will require an integrated approach to all the related problems, including the better delivery of urban drainage services.
The use of sand and other media filters is gaining acceptance in the field of urban stormwater structural best management practice. Much work has been done to develop local design guidance, such as in the State of Delaware and in Austin, Texas. Also, considerable field testing of these devices has occurred during the last 10 years. This paper consolidates much of the earlier work and provides the technical basis for the design of media filters for stonnwater runoff treatment at any location in the U.S. The approach uses the unit processes known to exist in urban storrnwater runoff and within filter devices. The suggested design is based on hydraulic capacity of the filter media, which, in tum, is a function of the total suspended solids removed by the filter. Water Environ. Res., 71, 102 (1999).
From 1989 through 1996, Urban Drainage and Flood Control District in coordination with the University of Colorado at Denver has dedicated to the development of the concept of storm water quality runoff capture volume (QWCV). Before 1996, the major effort was to analyze tens of hundreds of individual events delimited from a continuous record. A serial of design charts and empirical formulas were published for determining the storm water capture volumes for storm water quality control designs (
The Urban Water Resources Research Council of the American Society of Civil Engineers, under a cooperative agreement with the US Environmental Protection Agency, released Version 1.0 of the National Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database to the stormwater management community in 1999. The product included a loaded database of 71 BMPs, as well as data entry software for standardized reporting of BMP test data. In conjunction with the database, the project team developed BMP performance evaluation protocols and applied them to the data contained in the initial database. Since the initial database release, 42 new BMP data sets have been added to the database, which is now accessible via the Internet at www.bmpdatabase.org along with associated data evaluation reports and other project documentation. A national stormwater BMP data clearinghouse continues to screen and post new BMP data to the database, as well as respond to inquiries from the public. An overview of both of the database software and results of the data evaluation are provided in this paper.
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