Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is the major cause of anemia in developing countries commonly associated with poor nutrition, pregnancy, celiac disease, hook-worm infestation and aging process. Iron fortification in staple food is recommended to help preventing IDA; however, the iron dosing may cause adverse effects and oxidative damage to the gut lumen resulting in gastrointestinal irritation and poor absorption. The Thai Sinlek rice (Oryza sativaL.) (IR) was developed as a new crossbreed of Jasmine (Hom nin) rice and white (Hom Mali 105) rice (WR) and is abundant with iron, phenolic compounds, tocopherols and tocotrienols. Previously, the consumption of IR drink (14.7 mg/100-mL serving/d) for 1 month significantly increased levels of hemoglobin (Hb) and tended to increase levels of serum iron (SI) and transferrin saturation (TS) in anemic elderly subjects. However, the nutraceutical effect of IR from iron fortification together with potential oxidative effects have not been properly tested in an animal model. To prepare the functional IR, we digested IR grains with a-amylase and dried the hydrolysate by using lyophilization technique. Iron content of the hydrolysate was determined using ferrozine colorimetric and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods. IR hydrolysate was found to contain 13.9 mg iron/g dry weight compared with 1.94 mg iron/g in white rice (WR). Antioxidant activity was assayed using 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical (ABTS*) decolorizing method,and anti-hemolysis activity was determined using 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride radical (AAPH*) induced red blood cells (RBC) method as shown in Figure 1. The IR hydrolysate has higher antioxidant and anti-hemolysis activities in a dose dependent manner compared to the WR hydrolysate and controls (PBS). HPLC analysis also showed some amounts of phenolic compounds, g-oryzanol, tocopherols and tocotrienols in the IR hydrolysate (data not shown). To assess luminal absorptivity of iron, two Wistar rats were fed once with the IR hydrolysate (500 mg/kg body weight) and collected blood samples at different time points for 24 h. The finding reveals an increment of serum iron (SI) and transferrin saturation (TS) levels at 5 h and the maximum levels at 15 h (Figure 2). Finally, to study nutraceutical effects of the IR hydrolysate, Wistar rats (5 males, 5 females) were fed with the IR (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for 3 months and sacrificed for blood collection and analysis. Hematological parameters were determined using an automated Coulter cell counter (Table 1). The treatment with the IR at 50 mg/kg was found to increase significantly levels of RBC parameters e.g., Hb, hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell counts (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and total white blood count compared to higher dosing of the IR and control with deionized water (DI). In the highest IR dose (200 mg/kg), Hb, Hct and RBC were lowest suggesting a potential iron related toxicity probably on chronic intestinal inflammation. Our finding highlights that the optimal use of the IR should balance between the benefit from iron fortification to enhance hematopoiesis by preventing IDA against the risk of iron toxicity from dosing due to excessive free iron species and redox activity generation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Production, assay of chemical compositions and bioactivity and consumer perception test for Sinlek iron rice. AAPH•, 2,2‐azo‐bis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride radical; ABTS•, 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid radical; GAE, gallic acid equivalent; HPLC/MS, high‐performance liquid chromatography; HPLC/UV, high‐performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet; ICP/MS, inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry; IR, iron rice (regular formula); IR$, iron rice (concentrate formula); TPC, total phenolic content.
Iron fortifications are used for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia; however, iron dosing may cause oxidative damage to the gut lumen. Thai Sinlek rice is abundant in iron and contains phytochemicals. We aimed at evaluating the effect of an iron-rice (IR) hydrolysate drink (100 mL/serving) on neurological function, red cell indices and iron status in elders. Healthy elderly subjects were divided into three non-anemic groups and one anemic group. The non-anemic groups consumed one WR (2 mg iron/serving) and two IR drinks (15 and 27 mg iron/serving) (groups A, B and D, respectively), while the anemic group consumed one IR drink (15 mg iron serving) (group C) every day for 30 days. There were no significant differences in the MMSE Thai 2002 and PHQ9 test scores for members of all groups, while the nutrition scores and body weight values of group D subjects were significantly increased. Hemoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations increased significantly only in group C. Serum iron and transferrin saturation levels tended to increase in group A, while these levels were decreased in members of group C. Serum antioxidant activity levels were increased in all groups, and were highest in group C. Thus, consumption of an IR drink for 15 days functioned to increase Hb and antioxidant capacity levels in anemic elders.
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