Optimal Use of Thai Sinlek Rice (IR) Provides the Nutraceutical Effect on Erythropoiesis in Rats

Abstract

Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is the major cause of anemia in developing countries commonly associated with poor nutrition, pregnancy, celiac disease, hook-worm infestation and aging process. Iron fortification in staple food is recommended to help preventing IDA; however, the iron dosing may cause adverse effects and oxidative damage to the gut lumen resulting in gastrointestinal irritation and poor absorption. The Thai Sinlek rice (Oryza sativaL.) (IR) was developed as a new crossbreed of Jasmine (Hom nin) rice and white (Hom Mali 105) rice (WR) and is abundant with iron, phenolic compounds, tocopherols and tocotrienols. Previously, the consumption of IR drink (14.7 mg/100-mL serving/d) for 1 month significantly increased levels of hemoglobin (Hb) and tended to increase levels of serum iron (SI) and transferrin saturation (TS) in anemic elderly subjects. However, the nutraceutical effect of IR from iron fortification together with potential oxidative effects have not been properly tested in an animal model. To prepare the functional IR, we digested IR grains with a-amylase and dried the hydrolysate by using lyophilization technique. Iron content of the hydrolysate was determined using ferrozine colorimetric and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods. IR hydrolysate was found to contain 13.9 mg iron/g dry weight compared with 1.94 mg iron/g in white rice (WR). Antioxidant activity was assayed using 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical (ABTS*) decolorizing method,and anti-hemolysis activity was determined using 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride radical (AAPH*) induced red blood cells (RBC) method as shown in Figure 1. The IR hydrolysate has higher antioxidant and anti-hemolysis activities in a dose dependent manner compared to the WR hydrolysate and controls (PBS). HPLC analysis also showed some amounts of phenolic compounds, g-oryzanol, tocopherols and tocotrienols in the IR hydrolysate (data not shown). To assess luminal absorptivity of iron, two Wistar rats were fed once with the IR hydrolysate (500 mg/kg body weight) and collected blood samples at different time points for 24 h. The finding reveals an increment of serum iron (SI) and transferrin saturation (TS) levels at 5 h and the maximum levels at 15 h (Figure 2). Finally, to study nutraceutical effects of the IR hydrolysate, Wistar rats (5 males, 5 females) were fed with the IR (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for 3 months and sacrificed for blood collection and analysis. Hematological parameters were determined using an automated Coulter cell counter (Table 1). The treatment with the IR at 50 mg/kg was found to increase significantly levels of RBC parameters e.g., Hb, hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell counts (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and total white blood count compared to higher dosing of the IR and control with deionized water (DI). In the highest IR dose (200 mg/kg), Hb, Hct and RBC were lowest suggesting a potential iron related toxicity probably on chronic intestinal inflammation. Our finding highlights that the optimal use of the IR should balance between the benefit from iron fortification to enhance hematopoiesis by preventing IDA against the risk of iron toxicity from dosing due to excessive free iron species and redox activity generation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Consumption of Sinlek Rice Drink Improved Red Cell Indices in Anemic Elderly Subjects

“…More importantly, the treatment of Wistar rats with IR hydrolysate (50 mg/kg) for 90 days significantly increased levels of RBC, Hb, Hct and MCV when compared to the DI control group. This outcome suggests that certain active components, such as high iron content and phytochemicals in the hydrolysate, could effectively enhance erythropoiesis [ 48 ]. As is shown in Table 1 , the numbers of anemic male and female subjects in group C are nearly the same, whereas there were more non-anemic female subjects in groups A, B and D than male subjects ( p < 0.05).…”

“…This was particularly true for the members of group C, who reported decreased SI levels when compared to the members of the other three groups. Our findings with regard to luminal absorptive iron have revealed an increase in SI and transferrin saturation at 5 h and maximal levels at 15 h in rats that consumed a single IR hydrolysate (500 mg/kg) [ 48 ]. Similar to our results, the feeding of rice containing iron-saturated lactoferrin (Lf) at doses of 100–500 mg Lf/kg BW to Wistar rats for 28 days increased RBC numbers ( p < 0.05) and Hb values, while decreasing SI, increasing TIBC ( p < 0.05) and unchanging Ft values in the serum when compared with normal saline feeding [ 54 ].…”

“…Consistent with the increased serum antioxidant capacity, IR hydrolysate exerted higher antioxidant and anti-RBC hemolysis properties in vitro than the WR hydrolysate in a concentration-dependent manner [ 48 ]. This outcome was possibly due to the presence of phenolic compounds (e.g., cyanidin, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid and so on) and γ-oryzanol [ 31 ].…”

Medical and biological studies of meat polycomponent products based on regional raw materials

“…The concentration of erythrocytes in the blood of these rats was 8.01±0.11•10 12 /l, which is 12.66 % higher, compared to the control animals. It has been proven, that the consumption of meat and vegetable food optimizes the composition of red and white blood cells and stimulates the formation of erythrocytes in the bone marrow [16,17]. It has been established, that the modification of the diet increases the hemoglobin content in erythrocytes by 45.83-58.33 % compared to the control animals.…”