Knowledge strongly affects attitudes toward waste management; thus, embedding an environmental mentality at a young age is crucial. Game-based interventions, such as gamification and game-based learning, have huge potential to be effective learning tools. This paper examines the potential of gamification to improve waste management practices among schoolchildren through a narrative review of 25 papers on gamification for waste management and gamification for schoolchildren. The effectiveness of game-based learning and gamification in mitigating waste management issues with schoolchildren has not yet been well-described in the literature; however, the evolving market in related sectors is a strong indication of their potential. A robust understanding of social and behavioral theories is necessary for implementing gamification and game-based learning effectively. Additionally, the game elements, design, and mechanics that can achieve the most positive impacts should be explored further. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the body of knowledge in the environmental sector on gamification as an innovative process for improving household-level waste management behavior among schoolchildren.
Background: Endophytic fungi have economic potential as enzymes, medicines and biological control agents. Cladosporium oxysporum endophytic fungi can be isolated from a plant named Aglaia odorata Lour (Indonesian: Pacar Cina). This plant can be found in Purwodadi Botanical Garden, Pasuruan, East Java. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity from the ethyl acetate extract of the Cladosporium oxysporum endophytic fungi against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Subjects and Method:This was a descriptive study. C. oxysporum was cultivated, extracted, and fractionated. The fractions then were applied to antimicrobial activity assay. Disc diffusion method was used in this project with 2 mg/disc concentration extracts. Results: Some fractions of ethyl acetate extracts C.oxysporum showed antimicrobial activity against all microbials tested. 6 of 13 fractions exhibited inhibition zone against S. aureusATCC 6538, E. coli ATCC 8739, and C. albicansATCC 10231. The seventh fraction exhibited the highest inhibition zone against S. aureus ATCC 6538, and C.albicans ATCC 10231.The tenth fraction exhibit edthe highest zone against E. coli ATCC 8739. Conclusion: Cladosporium oxysporum from Aglaia odorata could be a good source of antimicrobial substance. It produces bioactiveagent that can be developed into a new drug at a larger commercial scale.
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