Cancer-related fatigue is defined as a distressing, persistent, subjective sense of physical, emotional, and/or cognitive tiredness or exhaustion related to cancer or cancer treatment that is not proportional to recent activity and interferes with usual functioning. It is one of the most common side effects in patients with cancer. Fatigue has been shown to be a consequence of active treatment, but it may also persist into posttreatment periods. Furthermore, difficulties in end-of-life care can be compounded by fatigue. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Cancer-Related Fatigue provide guidance on screening for fatigue and recommendations for interventions based on the stage of treatment. Interventions may include education and counseling, general strategies for the management of fatigue, and specific nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions. Fatigue is a frequently underreported complication in patients with cancer and, when reported, is responsible for reduced quality of life. Therefore, routine screening to identify fatigue is an important component in improving the quality of life for patients living with cancer.

Pediatric oncology patients experience a high degree of symptom-related suffering early in cancer therapy, and very few patients or parents in this study expressed negative attitudes toward early palliative care. Our findings suggest that pediatric oncology patients and families might benefit from, and are not a barrier to, early palliative care integration in oncology.

Whether children should be offered genetic testing for cancer risk is much debated but young voices are rarely heard in these conversations. The current study explored perspectives of genetic testing held by adolescents and emerging adults in families with Li Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). Twelve 12- to 25-year-olds in families with LFS completed qualitative interviews for this study. All believed that testing should be offered for children but many qualified this statement saying parental approval would be needed and testing should be optional. Genetic testing was seen as way to learn of risk status, allow for disease prevention efforts, and reduce uncertainty and anxiety. Perceived disadvantages included negative emotions associated with the testing result. Participants generally felt that children should be involved in the testing decision, but that parents could unilaterally decide to have a child tested in certain circumstances (e.g., young age, high risk). All who were aware of having been tested and of their test result (n = 7; 4 positive) said testing had no negative impact on their outlook and they agreed with the decision to undergo testing. Implications of these findings for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

Background Improvements in treatment and management for pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors have increased survival rates, allowing clinicians to focus on long-term sequelae, including sleep disorders. The objective of this study was to describe a series of CNS tumor survivors who had sleep evaluations that included polysomnography with attention to sleep disorder in relation to the tumor site. Procedure We report on 31 patients who had retrievable reports including an overnight polysomnography (PSG); 17 also underwent multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) to characterize their sleepiness. Results Mean age at tumor diagnosis was 7.4 years, mean age at sleep referral 14.3 years, and a mean time between tumor diagnosis and sleep referral of 6.9 years. The most common tumor location was the suprasellar region, the most common reason for sleep referral was excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and the most common sleep diagnosis was obstructive sleep apnea (n = 14) followed by central sleep apnea (n=4), hypersomnia due to medical condition (n= 4) and narcolepsy (n=3). Twenty-six of the 31 subjects were obese/overweight, and among those with the concurrent complaint of EDS, the mean sleep latency on MSLT was 3.16 minutes, consistent with excessive sleepiness. Conclusions Suprasellar region tumor survivors who are obese or overweight are more likely to have complaints of EDS and are at greater risk of sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep-related symptoms may not be recognized and referral initiated until years after CNS diagnosis. A periodic and thorough sleep history should be taken when caring for CNS tumor survivors.

Background Dexamethasone contributes to high cure rates in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) but significantly and adversely alters sleep and fatigue. Herein we explored three mechanisms (pharmacokinetics, serum albumin, and pharmacogenetics) through which dexamethasone may cause debilitating fatigue and disrupted sleep. Methods We enrolled 100 patients on a 10-day study: 5 days of no dexamethasone (OFF DEX) followed by 5 days of dexamethasone (ON DEX) during continuation chemotherapy. Sleep variables were collected with continuous actigraphy on Days 1 through 5, both OFF DEX and ON DEX. On Days 2 and 5 of each 5-day period, parents and patients 7 years of age and older completed a sleep diary and Fatigue Scale questionnaire. Blood was collected at 0 (pre-dexamethasone), 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours after the first oral dexamethasone dose for pharmacokinetic analysis. Serum albumin concentration was retrospectively analyzed in stored samples. Patient DNA was genotyped for 99 polymorphic loci in candidate genes associated with glucocorticoid metabolism. Results Dexamethasone clearance was significantly greater in younger patients than in older ones and in lower risk patients. In multiple regression models, risk group was significantly related to pharmacokinetic parameters. We found that polymorphisms in three genes (AHSG, IL6, POLDIP3) were significantly associated with sleep measures but not fatigue. Conclusion Risk group had the most significant relationship with disrupted sleep in patients while on dexamethasone. Serum albumin levels had neither a direct relationship with sleep or fatigue variables nor an indirect relationship through systemic exposure to dexamethasone. We identified candidate genes that may help explain the adverse events of disrupted sleep in pediatric patients receiving dexamethasone.

Objective To synthesize the perspectives of a broad range of pediatric palliative care (PPC) clinicians and parents to formulate a consensus on the prioritization of the PPC research agenda. Study design A 4-round modified Delphi online survey was administered, to PPC experts and to parents of children who had received PPC. In Round 1, research priorities were spontaneously generated. Rounds 2 and 3 then served as convergence rounds to synthesize priorities. A fourth iteration asked participants to rank the research priorities that had reached at least 80% consensus. Results A total of 3093 concepts were spontaneously generated by 170 experts and 72 parents in Round 1 (65.8% response rate [RR]). These concepts were thematically organized into 78 priorities and recirculated for Round 2 ratings (n = 130, 53.7% RR). Round 3 achieved response stability, with 31 consensus priorities oscillating within 10% of the mode (n = 98, 75.4% RR). Round 4 resulted in consensus recognition of 20 research priorities, which were thematically grouped as decision making, care coordination, symptom management, quality improvement, and education. Conclusions This modified Delphi survey used professional and parental consensus to identify preeminent PPC research priorities. Attentiveness to these priorities may help direct resources and efforts toward building a formative evidence base. Investigating PPC implementation approaches and outcomes can help improve the quality of care services for children and families.

Background The incorporation of genomic testing to identify targetable somatic alterations and predisposing germline mutations into the clinical setting is becoming increasingly more common. Despite its potential utility, physician confidence in understanding and applying genomic testing remains unclear, particularly in the realm of pediatric oncology. Methods Before initiating an institutional feasibility study on the integration of clinical genomic testing, we surveyed pediatric oncologists regarding their confidence around understanding of genomic testing, perceived utility of test results, preferences around germline results disclosure, and possible risks and benefits of testing. Results Among survey respondents (52 of 88; response rate 59%), only a minority were confident in interpreting, utilizing, and discussing somatic (35%) or germline (27%) genomic test results. Providers confident in interpreting somatic results were significantly more likely to anticipate using the results to plan the treatment of refractory cancers (p = 0.009). Similarly, providers who reported confidence in interpreting germline results were significantly more likely to discuss and utilize these results as part of clinical care (p < 0.0001, respectively). The majority of physicians (93%), regardless of their levels of confidence, wanted to speak to a genetic counselor prior to disclosing germline results. Conclusions Among physicians at a comprehensive pediatric cancer center, confidence in the interpretation, utilization, and discussion of oncology-based genomic results is low, both in terms of somatic and germline testing. To optimize the integration of genomic sequencing into cancer care, methods must be developed to improve basic competencies around cancer-based genomic testing. Given the complexities surrounding variant interpretation and genotype-phenotype relationships, interdisciplinary collaborations are warranted.

Fatigue is one of the most debilitating conditions associated with cancer and anticancer therapy. The lack of reliable and valid self-report instruments has prevented accurate assessment of fatigue in pediatric oncology patients. The purpose of this study was to identify the most sensitive and specific score, i.e., the "cut score," on the Fatigue Scale-Child (FS-C) to identify those children with high cancer-related fatigue in need of clinical intervention. We first used Rasch methods to identify the items on the FS-C that distinguished children with high cancer-related fatigue from other children; our findings indicated that the FS-C needed to be reduced from 14 items to 10 items. We then assessed the 10-item FS-C for its psychometric properties and applied the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis to the FS-C responses from 221 children (aged 7-12 years) receiving anticancer treatment. The cut score identified with 75% sensitivity and 73.5% specificity was 12; 73 (33%) patients scored 12 or higher. Findings from this validated instrument provide a needed guide for clinicians to interpret fatigue scores and provide clinical interventions for this debilitating condition to their pediatric patients with cancer.