A novel access to deuterated and D(3)CO-substituted arenes has been developed using immobilized triazenes as precursors. The linker system and the deuterating cleavage methodology could be shown to be compatible with various functional groups and are therefore suitable for the synthesis of derivatives only hardly available via comparable protocols.
Human leukocytes obtained from samples of leukapheresis products of three healthy donors stimulated by granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) were exposed to graphene quantum dots. A time-and concentration dependent uptake was observed with a significantly greater uptake into monocytes and granulocytes in comparison to lymphocytes, suggesting a better incorporation ability of cells with phagocytotic properties. The uptake rates also correlate with the cell membrane area. Looking at the different lymphoid subsets a greater uptake was found into CD19 + B-, CD56 + natural killer cells and CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in comparison to CD4 + T-and CD8 + T cells. Independent of the cell type studied, the observed uptake dynamics is consistent with a diffusion-driven process, which allows the determination of cell-specific membrane permeabilities for the graphene quantum dots. The toxicity of the quantum dots is relatively low resulting in a 90% viability of the entire leukocyte population after 36 hours of exposure to GQDs at a concentration of 500 mg ml À1 .
Diazirines are one of the most prominent functionalities in labeling experiments in vivo and in vitro because they allow photochemical generation of carbenes. The strategy presented herein describes the formation of diaziridines, being essential precursors in diazirine syntheses, using solid-supported procedures with immobilized sulfonyl oximes. The solid-supported building blocks have been shown to be valuable intermediates for CuAAC and amidation reactions, offering the possibility to build complex compounds with diverse functionalities.
A solid supported procedure for the synthesis of benzoxazinones, dihydropyrazinones, quinoxalinones, and dihydrooxazinones using immobilized oxazolones in combination with difunctional nucleophiles as cleavage agent is presented. The scope of the novel method has been demonstrated through subsequent modification of the parent oxazolone scaffold on solid supports using conversions with electrophiles or CuAAC reactions to give functionalized pyrazin-2-ones. The described method allows the synthesis of the target heterocycles in good yields via three to five steps on solid phases with only one chromatographic purification step.
We have recently demonstrated that the anthocyanidin delphinidin (DEL), one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids, inhibits activation of ErbB and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor family members. These receptors play crucial roles in the context of tumor progression and the outgrowth of blood and lymphatic vessels. Here, we have developed an improved chemical synthesis for DEL in order to study the effects of the aglycon and its degradation product gallic acid (GA) on endothelial and tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that DEL blocked the proliferation in vitro of primary human blood and lymphatic endothelial cells as well as human HT29 colon and rat MT-450 mammary carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, its degradation product GA had little effect. At higher concentrations, DEL induced apoptosis of endothelial and tumor cells. Furthermore, DEL potently blocked the outgrowth of lymphatic capillaries in ex vivo lymphangiogenesis assays. In the MT-450 rat syngeneic breast tumor model, it also significantly reduced angiogenesis and tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis when administered in vivo. These data reveal DEL to be a novel antilymphangiogenesis reagent. Surprisingly, however, the application of DEL unexpectedly promoted tumor growth and metastasis in the MT-450 tumor model, suggesting that the antiproliferative effect of DEL on cultured cells does not necessarily reflect the response of tumors to this anthocyanidin in vivo. Furthermore, while DEL may have utility as a cancer chemopreventative agent, its ability to promote tumor growth once a neoplasm develops also needs to be taken into consideration.
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