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The relationship between Parkinson's disease (PD) and risk of hip fracture yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted the present systematic review and meta-analysis of published observational studies to assess the association between PD and risk of hip fracture. PubMed, ISI, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched systematically to identify studies assessing the relationship between PD and the risk of hip fracture up to July 01, 2017. In addition, to find related articles, the reference section of retrieved articles was checked. Random-effects model was used for calculation of pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Thirteen independent studies containing 564,947 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The overall results of included studies showed PD to be associated with the risk of hip fracture (HR = 3.13, 95% CI 2.53-3.87) in women 3.11 (2.51-3.86) and men 2.60 (2.19-3.09). Our meta-analysis showed the direct association between PD and the risk of hip fracture in both men and women. However, due to the limitations of this study, further well-designed studies are required to confirm our findings.

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This study was designed to evaluate ALS progression among different subgroups of Iranian patients. Three hundred and fifty-eight patients from centres around the country were registered and their progression rate was evaluated using several scores including Manual Muscle Test scoring (MMT) and the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R). Progression rate was analysed separately in subgroups regarding gender, onset site, stage of disease and riluzole consumption. A significant difference in MMT deterioration rate (p = 0.01) was noted between those who used riluzole and those who did not. No significant difference was observed in progression rates between male/female and bulbar-onset/limb-onset groups using riluzole. In conclusion, riluzole has a significant effect on muscle force deterioration rate but not functional scale. Progression rate was not influenced by site of onset or gender.

Topiramate is an approved and effective drug in migraine prophylaxis. Paresthesia is the most commonly reported side effect. The primary objective of this study was to compare the frequency of topiramate-induced paresthesia in migraine headache to epileptic patients. Patients with migraine without aura and epilepsy were enrolled in this observational study. All cases were interviewed by telephone about their history of paresthesia. Confounding factors were controlled through logistic regression. The odds ratio of developing topiramate-induced paresthesia in migraine compared to epilepsy patients was 3.4. Three factors were independent contributors to developing topiramate-induced paresthesia: female sex (odds ratio 2.1), topiramate dosage (odds ratio 0.3) and duration of therapy. Our findings indicate an independent association between migraine and development of paresthesia. Migraineurs were more likely than epileptic patients to report paresthesia as topiramate adverse effects. Female sex, treatment duration and topiramate dosage contribute significantly to subsequent development of paresthesia.