Behcet ehcet Kemal emal Caglar aglar 1 , Hakan akan Fidan idan 2 , Mehmet ehmet Ertugrul rtugrul Guldur uldur 3 and Toufic oufic Elbeaino lbeaino 4 Abstract In a survey of four fig-growing provinces of Turkey (Adana, Hatay, Sanliurfa and Mersin), 132 samples were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess the presence of Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), Fig leaf mottleassociated virus 2 (FLMaV-2) and Fig mosaic virus (FMV). All samples were negative in PCR to FLMaV-1, whereas FLMaV-2 and FMV were detected in six (4.5%) and 10 (7.6%) of the samples, respectively. Both viruses were found in fig trees collected in the provinces of Adana, Hatay and Sanliurfa, but no infection was found in Mersin province. Sequence analysis of amplified DNA showed a level of nucleotides variability ranging from 1 to 10% for FLMaV-2 and from 6 to 17% for FMV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the Turkish FLMaV-2 isolates in one cluster together with other near-eastern FLMaV-2 isolates previously reported in GenBank.
Using double-antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was detected in 27 pepper (Capsicum spp.) plants of 3000 tested and found to be present in Adana, Antalya, Kahramanmaras ß, Mersin and S ßanlıurfa, all provinces devoted to pepper production in southern Turkey. Results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers specific to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid protein (CP) genes confirmed those of ELISA by amplifying all PMMoV-infected plants. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and PCR assays using sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker primers showed that PMMoV from Turkey overcomes L 3 -gene-mediated resistance, so pepper plantations are susceptible to PMMoV infection. Sequences of CPs showed high amino acid identities (92 -99%) with their homologues in the database and, furthermore, to share a distinguished molecular print found common uniquely in pathotypes P 1,2,3 . The phylogenetic tree allocated the Turkish isolates in one cluster together with PMMoV pathotypes P 1,2,3 of the Italian, Spanish and Israeli isolates, all reported to overcome the L 3 -resistance-breaking gene in pepper. This is the first molecular information on PMMoV isolates present in Turkey, for which this information could have guiding significance in future pepper resistance breeding in the country.
The incidence, severity and distribution of six viruses infecting capsicum were determined in the main growing areas of Turkey during the 2004 growing season. The surveys covered 50 randomly selected capsicum fields from four different areas in south-east Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean region. 515 samples were individually collected and tested by DAS-ELISA for Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), Potato X potexvirus (PVX), Potato Y potyvirus (PVY), Pepper mild mottle tobamovirus (PMMoV) and Tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV). 64.8% of ELISA-tested capsicum samples (334 out of 515) were infected by one (41.7%) or more (23.1%) viruses. PVY was the most widespread (26.4%), followed by PVX (25.8%), AMV (25.2%), TEV (23%), PMMoV (9.1%) and CMV (8.3%).
| INTRODUC TI ONMaize (Zea mays L.) is an annual plant in the Poaceae family and the most cultivated species in this family after wheat and rice worldwide. Maize can be grown in humid region, and 90% of the crop production is used for human and livestock feeding. Maize is grown in all the regions of Turkey, particularly in the two provinces of Adana and Kahramanmaraş that produce 1,274,428 tonnes and 615,247 tonnes, respectively, composing 7.2% of the Turkish production (Anonymous, 2016). During April and May 2016, several surveys were carried out in cornfields of Adana province, wherein maize plants showing leaf yellowing, short internodes, bushy growth, dwarfing and small corncob symptoms were observed. Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers] and Johnson grass (Sorgum halepense (L.) plants, cohabiting with corn plants with white leaf symptoms, were also observed in the inspected fields.Molecular tests demonstrated that all these plants were infected by the Bermudagrass white leaf phytoplasma. This phytoplasma mainly affects monocotyledonous plants and corn in Turkey, and its presence is associated with streaks on the leaves ranging from light green to yellow, large chlorotic areas and white discolorations, axillary shoots proliferation, stunted growth, reduced leaf size, shortened stolon and rhizome death of symptomatic plants.These symptoms were yearly occurring in many different regions, threatening the maize plantation and production. Accordingly, this research was conducted to verify some of the epidemiological Abstract During 2017, maize cultivation areas in the provinces of Adana and Kahramanmaraş (Turkey) were surveyed to inspect maize plants with symptoms similar to those associated with of phytoplasma disease, that is, yellowing, short internodes and small corncobs. Thirty fields were inspected and two hundred samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were collected, together with insects considered as potential vectors of phytoplasmas. All samples were assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequently analysed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing to identify the phytoplasmas detected in the plant material and insects.Results of laboratory assays and phylogenetic analyses showed that the Bermudagrass white leaf phytoplasma ('Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis') was present in both maize plants and seeds, showing 99% sequence identity with other reported phytoplasma strains from GenBank, whereas no PCR amplifications were obtained from tested insects. The seeds of infected plants, sown in an insect-proof screenhouse, produced plantlets that were found PCR-positive for the Bermudagrass white leaf phytoplasma, indicating its seed transmission. K E Y W O R D S
During autumn, an extensive survey was conducted in pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in intensive cultivation areas of four provinces in southeastern Turkey (Adana, Kahramanmaraş, Mersin and Şanlıurfa) in order to identify the causal agent (s) of phytoplasma‐like symptoms (chlorosis, little‐leaf, short internodes and stunting). DNA amplification by PCR and RFLP analysis using EcoRI restriction enzyme confirmed the presence of phytoplasmas in Şanlıurfa and Mersin, and consequently their possible association with the symptoms. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate from Şanlıurfa had 99% sequence identity with “Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii” (16SrVI) and is a member of the clover proliferation group (16SrVI‐A). Additionally, the isolate from Mersin had 96% sequence identity with “Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris” (16SrI). Importantly, gene sequence of the Mersin isolate shared <97.5% similarity to previously discovered “Ca. Phytoplasma” species. Consequently, the phytoplasma detected from Mersin could represent a new “Ca. Phytoplasma” species and to our knowledge, this is the first report of asteris‐like phytoplasmas infecting pepper in Turkey.
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