Background: Over the years, there has been a considerable rise in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. This study was undertaken to identify the risk factors that contribute to this condition, so that immediate action can be taken so as to save the mother.Methods: 62 women, in their first trimester of pregnancy who were diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy were included in the study. Demographic details, clinical and obstetric details were taken from all the patients. Ultrasound was performed to confirm the ectopic pregnancy.Results: Out of the 62 patients, most of them with ectopic pregnancy were found to be in the 26-30 (40.3%) year’s age group. Smoking, whether active or passive was observed in nearly 42% of the cases. The mean gravid status among the women was 3, with 34 live births. 21 of them had induced abortions and 4 were spontaneous. PID was observed in 12 patients (19.4%), 17.7% were IUD users.Conclusions: Risk factors such as previous ectopic pregnancy, use of contraceptives, infertility, PID, abortion as well as increased maternal age aid in the early detection of ectopic pregnancy in women resulting in proper and timely treatment.
Background: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a premalignant cervical disease which may lead to cervical cancer. The screening of the cervical cancer includes the screening of cervical cytology as well as testing for oncogenic human papilloma viruses (HPV) since most of the precursor lesions appear in the women of child bearing age. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in antenatal women by screening with papanicolaou smear.Methods: Macroscopic abnormalities such as cervicitis, polyps, erosions, nabothian cysts, hypertrophied cervix, growths and ulcers were noted. A cervical smear using Ayre’s spatula was taken from the ecto cervix and spread on to a labeled slide and immediately fixed.Results: Majority of the women were in the age group of 20-30 years in the study group. The overall mean age of the women in the study was around 25 years. The mean age at the time of menarche was around 14 years and at the time of marriage was approximately 22 years. On Pap smear, 55.2% of the 1000 cases were normal, with inflammation seen in 408 (40.8%) of the cases. 20 (2%) of the patients in our study had low grade squamous intra epithelial lesion, while 7 patients (0.2%) had high grade squamous intra epithelial lesion with two cases showing CIN II grading and 5 with CIN I.Conclusions: An early detection of the same can lead to a proper and efficient treatment.
Background: Medical students are using more applications of smartphones in their course besides the primary purpose of communication. The excessive usage of smartphone has given rise to a condition known as “nomophobia”. The objectives of the study are to estimate the prevalence of nomophobia and to evaluate the determinants of nomophobia among participants. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2022 among 320 undergraduate medical students of Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati. NMP-Q questionnaire used as a tool for data collection. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee and informed consent was taken from the participant. Collected data was coded and entered into a Microsoft excel and analysed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0. Results: Prevalence of nomophobia among study subjects was found to be 100% (320); of which 59% showed moderate nomophobia followed by mild (35%) and severe nomophobia (6%). Nearly 60% of the students are using smart phone for communication, 56% for entertainment and 46% for study purpose. Conclusions: All participants were suffering from nomophobia with different grades of severity. It was significantly associated with age, year of study, number of apps used, average time spent with mobile and messages sent per day. Most of them were using smart phone for communication, entertainment and study purpose.
Background: Preeclampsia accounts for majority of causes for maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.Methods: All patients beyond 20 weeks with pre-eclampsia admitted to Gandhi Hospital during two-year study period were enrolled in the study. The objective of this study was to analyze the type and rate of maternal and perinatal complications in preeclampsia. Women with preexisting renal disease, chronic hypertension, anemia, heart disease, epilepsy, thrombophilias, hemolytic disease, preexisting liver disease were excluded from the study. Obstetrics management was done as per existing protocol in the department. Magnesium sulphate was the drug of choice to control convulsions. Blood pressure was controlled by either tablet alpha methyl dopa or nifedipine or both.Results: Preeclampsia cases accounted for 460 (4.9%) of total deliveries. Majority (86.52%) were unbooked cases between 20 -25 years of age (63.48%) and were primigravida (60.44%) belonging to low socioeconomic status (73.91%). Commonest maternal complication in present study was eclampsia (34.56%) Total maternal deaths accounted for 14. Most common cause for maternal mortality was eclampsia with HELLP (9,64.28%). Total perinatal deaths accounted for164 and most common cause for perinatal death was prematurity (47,28.65%).Conclusions: Preeclampsia is major leading cause for poor maternal and fetal outcome. Regular antenatal checkup , early diagnosis , early interventions , early referral to tertiary centers, optimum timing and mode of delivery and awareness among patients will reduce both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
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