The Gulf of Urabá, currently considered a national strategic ecoregion, could be threatened by the presence of heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), which directly affect the aquatic ecosystem. In Colombia, investigations on marine species pollution are scarce; however, their products are consumed. The aim of this study was to quantify the contents of Hg, Pb, and Cd in muscle and in waste material (head-gills, viscera, fins-tail), in one of one of the most commercialized resources, the crevalle jack (Caranx hippos), and to determine their presence in some of the body portions that are used in the production of sub-products. The concentrations of Hg, Pb, and Cd were compared between the waste material and muscle of the crevalle jack fish that were caught from each of the following sites the community usually uses to catch them: Bahía Candelaria, Bahía Marirrío, Bocas del Roto, and Bocas del Atrato. They were captured every 1 year in each climatic period. All body portions exceeded the maximum allowed limits for Pb (0.667-23.378 mg kg); the highest Hg concentrations were found in muscle (0.515-7.019 mg kg) and viscera (0.172-1.883 mg kg), and for Cd, the parts with the highest levels were the fins-tail (0.040-0.15 mg kg) and viscera (0.040-0.174 mg kg). Considering the obtained results, it is not recommended to use the waste material for the production of fish meal or fish silage due to the adverse effects it could cause on both animals and humans.
Background: Omega 3 family fatty acids are currently widely studied for the diverse effects they have on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Seafood is the main natural source of these compounds. Objetives: In this paper the accuracy is verified on the fat extraction in fish, between two methods, using one of the most employees as it is the Bligh & Dyer since 1959, compared with SOXTEC, one more updated method with more modern equipment and validated quantification method for some omega 3 fatty acids by gas chromatography. Methods: Fat extraction was performed by SOXTEC and Bligh & Dyer with the use of a Certified Reference Material (SRM 1946). After having assessed the accuracy of both systems, a quantification method of α-Linolenic, Eicosapentaenoic, and Docosahexaenoic fatty acids was validated through gas chromatography. Results: It was found that the method proposed by Bligh & Dyer in 1959 is the most accurate because it showed better recovery percentages. Also, it was found that the quantification validation method of the most important omega 3 fatty acids complies with every parameter assessed throughout the validation. Conclusions: In conclusion SOXTEC being a more modern method which uses the latest technology, the Bligh & Dyer is the most effective method for removing fat in fish and gas chromatography allows quantification of fatty acids with precision and accuracy as meets the evaluated parameters.
Introducción: El tomate constituye una fuente importante de nutrientes, catalogándose como un alimento óptimo para fortificar la población que presenta déficit de hierro, zinc y cianocobalamina.Material y métodos: Se aplicaron dos tratamientos, uno con minerales inorgánicos y el otro con minerales aminoquelado mediante un proceso de biofortificación foliar. Se cuantificó la concentración de los micronutrientes utilizando el método de Espectrometría por Absorción Atómica de llama directa (EAAF), se utilizó el método EPA 3052 para la evaluación de los minerales. Para el análisis de Cianocobalamina, se usó el método de Cromatografía Liquida (HPLC). Resultados: Se encontró diferencias altamente significativas (p<0,0001) entre los tratamientos en la presencia de minerales, presentándose una mayor concentración de hierro en el tratamiento aminoquelado, 189,53±100,12 mg/kg. En el tratamiento inorgánico la mayor concentración fue de zinc, 89,82±21,67. Al evaluar el contenido de zinc, no hubo deferencias entre la biofortificación con el aminoquelado y el inorgánico (p>0,05), con respecto a la cianocobalamina los datos bromatológicos reportaron menos de 0,04 µg/100 g de tomate en todas las muestras analizadas.Conclusiones: El contenido de hierro en el fruto con el tratamiento aminoquelado, es muy superior a los tratamientos control e inorgánico, además es posible obtener tomate biofortificado con minerales como el zinc y hierro aminoquelados, demostrándose que tienen mejor absorción y posibilitando su biodisponibilidad, finalmente, la biofortificación con cianocobalamina no es pertinente en este fruto, pues este nutriente no es almacenado en el tomate.
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