The purpose of the paper was to show cognition from the theory of climate change. The map outputs of these changes offer the climate data from basic elements and characteristics of the energy balance in terms of the current state as well as the trends and assumptions of their future changes in Slovakia. For these agroclimatic analyses, 100 climatic stations in Slovakia spread out to cover all agricultural regions, up to 800 m above sea level, have been selected. Our analyses are related to the period of years 1961-2010, when measurements and observations were the most homogeneous. The future trends and map outputs of future climate change were determined with the mathematic-statistical methods to the 2035, 2050, 2075-and 2100-year horizons. This study presents the impact of the climate change on the temperature conditions in Slovakia. The temperature changes (average, maximum and minimum temperature) were analysed with forecasts up to year 2100. The forecasts for the 2100-year horizon indicate increasing of the average annual temperature on average by about 2.0°C, maximum temperature on average by about 2.0°C and minimum temperature on average by about 2.5-3°C in comparison to the present.
Drought is generally associated with the persistence of low precipitation amount, decreased soil moisture and water availability relative to the normal levels in a designated area. The effects of drought, range from the morphological to molecular levels, and are evident at all phenological stages of the plant growth, at whatever stage the water deficit occurs. Determination of the surface water demands for irrigation purposes comes out from the assumption of hydrologic processes stationarity. This paper shows our research prerequisite that water stress participates in an important part on the volume changes of over ground parts, which is predictive for the irrigation demand. Malus domestica var. Yellow Transparent was chosen for the measurement of volume changes of the surface plant parts. Our measurements were realised by the Diameter dendrometer small (DD-S) from 24.08. to 13.09.2017. One tree was irrigated by the dose of 50 mm. We compared the dendrometric changes to soil moisture and rainfall on both irrigated and non-irrigated trees. The experiment showed the differences between the irrigated apple tree (the diameters of the branches fluctuated between 11.9 and 12.1 mm) and the non-irrigated apple tree (the diameter of the branches increased after three-day rain from 8.35 to 8.61 mm), in order to determine the water stress of plants based on dendrometric changes and optimize irrigation during the drought period.
This study investigated the effects of climate change (CC) on water redistribution in a micro-watershed of a lowland agricultural area of the Bras d'Henri River in the temperate cold climate of Quebec, Canada. A Water Flow and Balance Simulation Model (WaSiM-ETH) was used to simulate the hydrology using current climatic conditions and land use characteristics, applying Richards’ equation. A one-day temporal resolution was used with a spatial resolution of 2 × 2 m. The CC scenarios Coupled Global Climate Model, version 1 (CGCM1) and Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3.1 (HadCM3.1) were downscaled to the regional level and integrated into WaSiM-ETH and evaluated for both current and modified climatic conditions. Mean annual precipitation values (P) increased from 15–33%, evapotranspiration from 7–26%, and discharge (Q) from 16–45%. The identification of the significant water quality problem represented by average value of total suspended solids (TSS) 265.29 (kg ha−1), nutrients: nitrogen (NO3-N) 16.83 (kg ha−1) and total phosphorus (TP) 0.59 (kg ha−1) for the whole evaluated period; and (TSS) 148.09 (kg ha−1), (NO3-N) 5.65 (kg ha−1) and (TP) 0.31 (kg ha−1) during the days with surface runoff, in relation to water quantity and CC creates the basis for erosion risk assessment.
Water stress is an indicator that plant are suffering from drought. For optimization of the crop production is necessary to indicate physiological changes, those can be represented by stem expansion or shrinkage and sap flow rate. We used the Dynagage SGA5-WS (Dynamax) sensors for the sap flow monitoring and the sensors Diameter Dendrometer Small (Ecomatik) for measuring branches diameter changes in our research. The research was realized during two seasons, in the summer (from 31 st July to 14 th August 2018) and in the spring (from 27 th March to 14 th April 2019). The subject in our research were walnut trees (Juglans regia) situated in the private orchard in Nové Zámky area in Slovak Republic. The sap flow values in summer were on average range of 90 g•h -1 , with maximum measured values above 160 g•h -1 measured after the precipitation events. After increasing of soil moisture on 1 st and 2 nd August 2018, it was detected the branches diameter expansion up to 0.05 mm. However, the other spring values were much lower. The sap flow reached less than 35 g•h -1 what was one third values in summer 2018. This phenomenon is a result of the low transpiration intensity of transpiration or a leafless state of trees. Although the changes in diameter were not significant in the early vegetation stage, there were monitored some fluctuation causing the diameter was shrinked by 0.2 mm due to a negative average air temperature.
The main aim of this work was the application of the soil additives into soil and the study of their impact on the amount of surface runoff originating from rainwater. Execution of research was carried out on the modified portion of the land at Department of Biometeorology and Hydrology, SUA Slovakia. Land was divided into four experimental plots. Individual treatments consisted of application of perlite, charcoal and water glass into the top layer of the experimental plots. The fourth experimental field was kept as a black fallow (control). To perform the measurements, rainfall simulator was used in six measurement series. We can conclude that the application of perlite is not an adequate treatment for erosion control practices, since its application increased the surface runoff. Increased application dose of additives resulted in the positive effects of the water glass application. Surface runoff for this treatment decreased in average by about 41% in comparison to control. This positive effect was observed only after the second application of the soil additives.
Global climate change is likely to influence evapotranspiration (ET); as a result, many ET calculation methods may not give accurate results under different climatic conditions. The main objective of this study is to verify the suitability of machine learning (ML) models as calculation methods for pan evaporation modeling on the macro-regional scale. The most significant PE changes in the different agroclimatic zones of the Slovak Republic were compared, and their considerable impacts were analyzed. On the basis of the agroclimatic zones, 35 meteorological stations distributed across Slovakia were classified into six macro-regions. For each of the meteorological stations, 11 variables were applied during the vegetation period in the years from 2010 to 2020 with a daily time step. The performance of eight different ML models—the neural network (NN) model, the autoneural network (AN) model, the decision tree (DT) model, the Dmine regression (DR) model, the DM neural network (DM NN) model, the gradient boosting (GB) model, the least angle regression (LARS) model, and the ensemble model (EM)—was employed to predict PE. It was found that the different models had diverse prediction accuracies in various geographical locations. In this study, the results of the values predicted by the individual models are compared.
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