Change in Temperature Conditions of Slovakia to the Reference Period 1961-2010 and their Expected Changes to Time Horizons Years 2035, 2050, 2075 and 2100 under the Conditions of Changing Climate

Abstract

The purpose of the paper was to show cognition from the theory of climate change. The map outputs of these changes offer the climate data from basic elements and characteristics of the energy balance in terms of the current state as well as the trends and assumptions of their future changes in Slovakia. For these agroclimatic analyses, 100 climatic stations in Slovakia spread out to cover all agricultural regions, up to 800 m above sea level, have been selected. Our analyses are related to the period of years 1961-2010, when measurements and observations were the most homogeneous. The future trends and map outputs of future climate change were determined with the mathematic-statistical methods to the 2035, 2050, 2075-and 2100-year horizons. This study presents the impact of the climate change on the temperature conditions in Slovakia. The temperature changes (average, maximum and minimum temperature) were analysed with forecasts up to year 2100. The forecasts for the 2100-year horizon indicate increasing of the average annual temperature on average by about 2.0°C, maximum temperature on average by about 2.0°C and minimum temperature on average by about 2.5-3°C in comparison to the present.

Changes in Vegetation Period Length in Slovakia under the Conditions of Climate Change for 1931–2110

“…Several published studies [13,36,37] that focused on Slovakia showed similar conclusions to our study. Valšíková-Frey et al [36] analyzed predictions for a sooner potential beginning of seeding (25-30 days earlier) and later possible harvest (10 to 15 days) in the year 2075 in Hurbanovo (Slovakia).…”

“…They forecasted a prolongation of the vegetation period length by about 21-26% for several species of vegetables in Hurbanovo and Liptovský Hrádok in 2075. Changes in temperature development in Slovakia and future predictions were described by Čimo et al [13]. This author also dealt with changes in the length of the vegetation period of Capsicum annuum, Brassica oleracea var.…”

“…The field of interest of this study is the Slovak Republic (Figure 1). This country is located in central Europe within the northern latitudes from 47 • 44 21 up to 49 • 36 48 and eastern longitudes from 16 • 50 56 up to 22 • 33 53 [7,13]. The area of Slovakia is 49,035 km 2 and the surface is characterized by significant diversity and represents several geographical types.…”

“…Another expected demonstration of climate change in Slovakia is the increase in the daily maximum and minimum air temperature [12]. By 2050, a significant increase in the number of summer and tropical days is expected, in addition to a decrease in the number of frost and ice days [13]. Due to the higher air temperature, the rate of evaporation from the Earth's surface will also increase, which will create conditions for a longer droughts throughout Slovakia, especially in the southern part [12].…”

Mitigation of Flood Risks with the Aid of the Critical Points Method

“…However, the assessment of classification variables for sustainable flood retention measures is discussed in many sources. The authors of [32,33] mention as many as 40 anticipated variables that can be localized. Gunnell et al [34] evaluated natural infrastructure for flood management, introducing metrics for flood buffering.…”