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Freeze-dried elderberry and chokeberry were proposed as natural colorants for gluten-free wafers. In addition to colour, other physical and sensorial properties of wafer sheets were also evaluated. The elderberry powder was significantly darker (L* equal 37.61) than the chokeberry powder (L* equal 41.01), and it was characterized by a considerably lower a* value (4.21 in comparison with 12.32). These powdered fruits were added in the range from 0 to 5 %. A new indicator of wafer batter delamination was developed, which can also be proposed for other liquids. Significant and favourable changes were noted in the colour of both batter and wafers, with an increased content of fruits from 1 to 5%. Gluten-free wafers with a 5% addition of fruits were characterized by L*, a*, b* values, respectively, equalling 35.73, 6.05 and 3.24 for elderberry, and 39.74, 7.15 and 5.05 for chokeberry. Wafers with a 5% addition of chokeberry and elderberry, in comparison to control wafers, had significantly higher contents of minerals, including iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium. The freeze-dried elderberry powder, as compared to the chokeberry powder, was found to significantly increase the content of these minerals. In addition, the total flavonoids content was higher in the wafers containing elderberry. Freeze-dried chokeberry and elderberry can be proposed as natural colorants and valuable functional components for wafers. K e y w o r d s : natural colorant, elderberry, chokeberry, gluten-free, wafer

Cistus incanus L. (CI) has been proposed as an innovative functional supplement of food products, and hence the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of dried CI on the properties of bread. Bread was prepared from white wheat flour supplemented with the addition of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% of ground CI. After the completion of baking process, various characteristics of the obtained bread product, such as yield, volume, porosity, acidity, color, and texture, were evaluated. In addition, total phenolic content (TPC), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, chelating power (CHEL), and ability to quench OH∙ radicals were measured. The results showed that the addition of CI to bread caused a reduction in the volume of bread, but texture of the crumbs was acceptable. Acidity and moisture content of bread were found to be increased following CI enrichment. Significant changes in the ash content and the color of bread crumbs were also observed. Bread incorporated with CI was characterized by significantly higher TPC and much higher antioxidant activity, as measured by ABTS, CHEL, and OH∙ radicals, compared to control bread. Supplementation of bread with 3% CI produced a product with desirable characteristics which was also favored by consumers.

The quality of pasta can be evaluated by measuring the characteristics which encompass the most important quality parameters, such as colour, cooking properties and texture. The aim of the study was to suggest new indices which can be used to evaluate the quality of pasta. For the tests, 15 samples of spaghetti (produced from either semolina or common wheat flour) were used. The bending test was performed for the determination of the strength properties of raw pasta, while the pasta colour parameters were evaluated via the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage system. The pasta cooking test included the evaluation of optimum cooking time, weight increase index and cooking loss. The samples of cooked spaghetti were cut, and the parameters describing pasta texture were determined. Statistical analysis showed significant correlations (α = 0.05) between colour parameters (lightness and redness) and pasta ash content (R = -0.90 and 0.84, respectively). The mechanical properties of raw pasta correlated positively with pasta density. The strongest correlation was found between pasta density and flexural strength. The destruction force for raw spaghetti during the bending test correlated significantly and positively with the cutting force of the cooked pasta. The obtained correlations can be helpful in pasta quality evaluation.

This study aimed to analyse the effect of dried banana powder (BP) on common wheat pasta characteristics. Wheat flour (type 500) was replaced with 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% of BP. Control pasta without BP addition was also prepared. Pasta quality parameters including texture, colour, cooking characteristics and sensory evaluation were determined. Total phenolics content and antioxidant activity were also evaluated. The increase in BP in the pasta recipe resulted in an increase in the weight increase index (from 2.88 to 3.55) and cooking loss (from 5.2% to 6.4%). The effects of the addition of bananas were also observed in changes in colour coordinates. It was shown that BP slightly decreased the lightness of cooked pasta and had little influence on colour coordinates of raw pasta. It was also found that the addition of BP higher than 3% decreased pasta firmness. The total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity of pasta increased with the addition of BP. Sensory evaluation of pasta showed that the replacement of common wheat flour with BP should not exceed 3%.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the temperature of convection and freeze–drying of wild strawberry Fragaria vesca L. fruits on the drying kinetics and on selected quality features of the dried fruits. The process of convection drying was carried out at the temperatures of 25 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C, whereas freeze–drying was carried out at the temperatures of 20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C of the heating shelves and at the pressure of 63 Pa in the lyophilizer chamber. The drying kinetics were best described by the Midilli model for both drying methods. An increase of the drying temperature to 60 °C, for both convection drying and freeze–drying, resulted in a decrease of the total content of phenolic compounds and of the antioxidant activity of the dried fruits. An increase in the temperature of convection drying reduced the lightness of the dried fruits. However, during freeze–drying, these features changed little despite the increase in the drying temperature. The dried fruits with the highest brightness were obtained at a freeze–drying temperature of 60 °C. The method of freeze–drying is proposed as the best because of the resulting color, L-ascorbic acid retention, and antioxidant properties of the dried fruits.