Pencampuran berbagai jenis minyak nabati untuk sintesis biodiesel merupakan salah satu upaya pencarian sumber energi alternatif terbarukan. Campuran berbagai macam minyak nabati lebih potensial karena ketersediaannya masih melimpah dan kurang dimanfaatkan. Campuran minyak nabati yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku antara lain: minyak jarak pagar, minyak nyamplung, dan minyak jelantah. Komposisi campuran ditentukan dan dioptimasi menggunakan metode simplex lattice design dengan total campuran tertentu. Data yang akan didapat yaitu data pengaruh masing-masing campuran minyak terhadap penurunan bilangan FFA saat reaksi esterifikasi. Metode simplex lattice design merupakan salah satu metode yang terdapat di dalam software Design Expert 10.0 yang digunakan untuk optimasi formula pada berbagai jumlah komposisi bahan yang berbeda. Sintesis biodiesel dijalankan berdasar design of experiment yang dihasilkan oleh program Design Expert 10.0. Kegunaan metode simplex lattice design diantaranya: penentuan formula, mengoptimalkan variabel formulasi dan mengetahui jumlah run, menjaga konsentrasi total tetap konstan. ANOVA (Analysis of variance) dilakukan untuk menentukan signifikansi analisis respon antar variabel dan dapat mengetahui model yang disarankan. Desirability merupakan nilai fungsi yang menunjukkan kemampuan program untuk memenuhi keinginan berdasarkan kriteria yang ditetapkan pada produk akhir. Nilai desirability yang semakin mendekati nilai 1,0 menunjukkan kemampuan program untuk menghasilkan produk yang dikehendaki semakin sempurna.Mixing different types of vegetable oils for synthesis of biodiesel is one of the efforts for renewable alternative energy. Mixed oil of vegetable oils more potential because it is not difficult to finding raw materials and not useful yet. Vegetable oils mixture as raw materials used include: Jatropha curcas oil, nyamplung oil and waste cooking oil. The mixed and optimized compositions use the simplex lattice design method with a total mixture. The data to be obtained is the influence data of each mixed oil to decrease of FFA during esterification reaction. Simplex lattice design method is one of the methods available in the software Design Expert 10.0. The designs used to optimize the formula on different amounts of different material compositions. The biodiesel synthesis is run based on the experimental design produced by the Expert Design 10.0 program. The use of lattice simplex method design: determination formula, optimizing formulation variable and total number of runs, keeping total concentration constant. ANOVA (Analysis of variance) to determine the significance of response analysis among variables and can know the suggested model. Desirability is a method that shows the program's ability to meet the criteria specified in the final product. The desired value that is critical to the desired product improvement program is so perfect.
Nyamplung seed (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a prospective non-edible vegetable oil as biodiesel feedstock. However, it cannot be directly used in the alkaline catalysed transesterification reaction since it contains high free fatty acid (FFA) of 19.17%. The FFA content above 2% will cause saponification reaction, reducing the biodiesel yield. In this work, FFA removal was performed using sulfuric acid catalysed esterification to meet the maximum FFA amount of 2%. Experimental work and response surface methodology (RSM) analysis were conducted. The reaction was conducted at the fixed molar ratio of nyamplung seed oil and methanol of 1:30 and the reaction times of 120 minutes. The catalyst concentration and the reaction temperature were varied. The highest reaction conversion was 78.18%, and the FFA concentration was decreased to 4.01% at the temperature of 60℃ and reaction time of 120 minutes. The polynomial model analysis on RSM demonstrated that the quadratic model was the most suitable FFA conversion optimisation. The RSM analysis exhibited the optimum FFA conversion of 78.27% and the FFA content of 4%, attained at the reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 59.09℃, 1.98% g/g nyamplung seed oil, and 119.95 minutes, respectively. Extrapolation using RSM predicted that the targeted FFA content of 2% could be obtained at the temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 58.97℃, 3%, and 194.9 minutes, respectively, with a fixed molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:30. The results disclosed that RSM is an appropriate statistical method for optimising the process variable in the esterification reaction to obtain the targeted value of FFA.
One of the microalgae that can be potentially used to produce bioethanol is Chlorella vulgaris, as it is rich in carbohydrates. However, the carbohydrates in C. vulgaris cannot be converted directly into ethanol. This study aimed to investigate the chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of C. vulgaris, which is subsequently followed by fermentation. The catalysts used in the chemical hydrolysis were hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide, while the enzymes used were the mixture of alpha-amylase + glucoamylase, alpha-amylase + cellulase, and alpha-amylase + glucoamylase + cellulase. The hydrolysate obtained from chemical hydrolysis was fermented through Separate Hydrolysis Fermentation (SHF), while the one from enzymatic hydrolysis was fermented through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF), in which both processes used S. cerevisiae. After undergoing five hours of enzymatic hydrolysis (using alpha-amylase + glucoamylase), the maximum glucose concentration obtained was 9.24 ± 0.240 g/L or yield of 81.39%. At the same time and conditions of the substrate on chemical hydrolysis, glucose concentration was obtained up to 9.23 + 0.218 g/L with a yield of 73.39% using 1 M hydrochloric acid. These results indicate that chemical hydrolysis is less effective compared to enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, after 48 hours of fermentation, the ethanol produced from SHF and SSF fermentation methods were 4.42 and 4.67 g/L, respectively, implying that producing bioethanol using the SSF is more effective than the SHF method.
The utilization of biomass as a source of new and renewable energy is being carried out. One of the technologies to convert biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis which is converting biomass into more valuable products, such as bio–oil. Bio–oil is a liquid which produced by steam condensation process from the pyrolysis of coconut shell. The composition of biomass such as hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin will be oxidized to phenol as the main content of the bio–oil. Production of bio–oil from coconut shell was investigated via fast pyrolysis reactor. Fast pyrolysis was carried out at 500 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C and 1 hour holding time at pyrolysis temperature. The Bio-oil chemical composition was investigated using GC–MS. Percentage value of phenol, 2–methoxy phenol, 3–methoxy 1,2–benzenediol, and 2,6–dimethoxy phenol was 45.42%, 13.37%, 10.09%, and 11.72% respectively.
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