The essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum (clove bud) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) were obtained by hydro-distillation. The antimicrobial activity of  clove bud oil and rosemary oil was investigated by agar well diffusion method against four multidrug resistant strains namely Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus feacalis as well as two standard strains, Staphylococcus aureusATCC29213 and Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC27853. Both essential oils exhibited inhibitory effects towards all the test organisms, clove essential oil had antibacterial activity little higher than of rosemary oil, MICs ranged from 0.312% (v/v) to 1.25% (v/v) for all tested bacteria while MICs for rosemary oil ranged from 0.312% (v/v) to 5 % (v/v). Based on this finding, it may be suggested that these essential oils may be used as natural antibacterial agents to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.

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The classic autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) are one of the main causes of chronic liver disease; which include primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) constitute and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).This pathological condition represents an immune attack on the bile epithelial liver cells, which leads to chronic inflammation in the liver, due to the proliferation of cells and the deposition of the matrix proteins between the hepatocytes and their types. Then the liver cells gradually lose their functions until the liver reaches the stage of myofibroblasts.The liver lost its functions inevitably and gradually gets until the liver loses its normal size leads to high blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein and from here begins the rapid deterioration of the liver condition so this requires follow-up and monitoring of liver cirrhosis and at this stage requires a liver biopsy examination In this case, liver transplantation is the effective and golden treatment option for liver disease at this stage. The abundance of MHC receptors class II in the surface liver cells, genetic predisposition or due to acute infection of the liver, leads to an immune response in the body, which leads to autoimmune hepatitis. This abnormal immune response leads to persistent hepatitis, which may lead to more symptoms and complications such as fatigue and cirrhosis. The disease may be related to race or age, diagnosis is often after the age of 40 years.

A total of 150 sputum sample from the patient attendants to medical city and Ibn Al-Balady hospital during the period from February 2009 to May 2009 with signs and symptoms of pneumonia only 57 sputum samples 53. 5 gave bacterial growth positive, the result indicated the most frequent microorganismswere 18 isolate (22.5%) Klebsiella pneumonia, 16 isolate (20%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5 isolate (6.25%) Candida albicans, 5 isolate (6.25%) Acinetobacter spp, 5 isolate (6.25%) Eschereshia coli, 4 isolate (5%) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 3 isolates (3.75%) proteus spp, 1 isolate (1.25%) Enterobacter, (1.25%) Citrobacter Acinetobacter spp. 5 (6.25%), 3 isolate (3.75%) Streptococcus Pneumonia, Enterobacter 1 (1.25%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis 4 isolates (5%). Aqueous of cold extract were investigated for their antibacterial activities against bacteria not effect. Hot water extract can inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Oil extract of Origanum magorana effect on E.coli and Staphylococcus aurous.

Nosocomial infection is a major problem in the world today. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, usually resistant to several antibiotics and also intrinsic resistance to ß- lactam antibiotics, shows a particular ability to spread in hospitals and now present in most of the countries. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of MRSA and their rate of resistance to different antistaphylococcal antibiotics.Between Decembers 2009and April 2011, the clinical specimens submitted at the microbiology laboratory were processed and all Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates were included in this study.All isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically by standard laboratory procedures and antibiotic susceptibility pattern including oxacillin was determined by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.Out of a total of 337 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various clinical samples, 140(41.54%) were found to be Methicillin- resistant. Among MRSA isolates, 86(46.99%) were from different inpatient departments, whereas, 54 (35.06%) of the isolates were from outpatients.All MRSA were resistant to penicillin. About 70% of the MRSA strains were resistant to cephalexin, ciprofloxacin and cloxacillin ,while less than 10% of them were resistant to amikacin and tetracycline. Many MRSA strains were multidrug resistant. However, no strains were resistant to vancomycin.This report showed a high prevalence of MRSA in Al-Yarmook hospital. To reduce the prevalence of MRSA, regular surveillance of hospital acquired infection and isolation is the need of the hour.

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The overuse of antibiotic is the chief reason for the appearance and distribution of strains of bacteria with multi-drug resistant. The present study designed to explore the percentage of bacterial sensitivity, intermediate resistance and resistance to 16 different types of antibacterial agents to estimate the risk of dissemination of bacterial resistance. Forty-seven urine samples from male and female patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) examined in the study. Bacterial identification was done using the Vitek 2 system. The results showed that E. coli accounts for up to 68.08% of the cases of UTI infection. In the present study the antibiotics that showed the maximum bacterial resistance were Aztreonam (87.5%), Ceftriaxone (83.87%), Ceftazidime (77.41%) and Cefazolin (70.96). Conclusion: Wise use of antibacterial agents and prevention of the overuse of antibiotics is essential to prevent the wide dissemination of bacterial resistance.

The classic autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) are one of the main causes of chronic liver disease; which include primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) constitute and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).This pathological condition represents an immune attack on the bile epithelial liver cells, which leads to chronic inflammation in the liver, due to the proliferation of cells and the deposition of the matrix proteins between the hepatocytes and their types. Then the liver cells gradually lose their functions until the liver reaches the stage of myofibroblasts.The liver lost its functions inevitably and gradually gets until the liver loses its normal size leads to high blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein and from here begins the rapid deterioration of the liver condition so this requires follow-up and monitoring of liver cirrhosis and at this stage requires a liver biopsy examination In this case, liver transplantation is the effective and golden treatment option for liver disease at this stage. The abundance of MHC receptors class II in the surface liver cells, genetic predisposition or due to acute infection of the liver, leads to an immune response in the body, which leads to autoimmune hepatitis. This abnormal immune response leads to persistent hepatitis, which may lead to more symptoms and complications such as fatigue and cirrhosis. The disease may be related to race or age, diagnosis is often after the age of 40 years.