Background: Myopia is a condition in which the visual images come to a focus in front of the retina of the eye. This disease is a major cause of visual disability, which presents in 108 million persons globally. Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between the degree of myopia, the axial length, and the choroidal thickness (CT). Methods: This is an observational analytical study that made use of a cross-sectional design. A total of 59 participants with refractive errors underwent treatment at Hasanuddin University Hospital and 116 eyes were measured and analyzed. The choroidal thickness was measured using the Enhance Depth Imaging OCT (EDI-OCT) tool, which is divided into nine observational areas. Furthermore, all data obtained were compared using statistical analysis, such as the one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation test (p < 0.05). Results: There was a significant relationship between the choroidal thickness with axial length (p < 0.05) and myopia degrees (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The thickness of the choroid decreases with an increase in the axial length and degree of myopia, which further indicates that the higher the myopia degree, the thinner the choroidal vasculature.
Introduction: Ethambutol (EMB) is one of the first-line antituberculosis drugs that reported to cause toxic effects on the eye structure. This study aims to elucidate the histological mechanism of retinal and optic nerve damage in toxic optic neuropathy cases. Reference Sources: The literature search was conducted in the PUBMED and MEDLINE databases using the latest publication of the 2012-2022 series. Studies Selection: The observational and randomized controlled trial studies analyzing the effect of ethambutol on retinal nerve fiber layer, retinal ganglion layer, inner cell plexiform layer thickness, optic nerve tissue, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color perception, visual evoked response, and patients' visual field were included. Data Extraction Method: Articles that met the inclusion criteria underwent a specific evaluation, whereby the main focus was the ethambutol on retinal and optic nerve tissue. Results: The results showed that ethambutol affects the thinning of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL), decreasing the amount of Ganglion Cells and changing the optic nerve's histological function by damaging the mitochondria and axonal fiber. Conclusion: It was concluded that ethambutol has adverse effects on retinal and optic nerve tissue due to several mechanisms and significantly affects the patient's visual outcome.
Introduction: Head trauma can often result in the complaint of diplopia. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) coexists with abduction deficit, introduced as half and half syndrome, is rarely reported. This article presents an INO case with ipsilateral abduction deficit after a head trauma. Methods: A 17-year-old male came with binocular diplopia on horizontal gaze 2 days after a head trauma. Best corrected visual acuity on both eyes was 6/6. Adduction deficit of contralateral gaze appeared in the right eye associated with an abducting dissociated horizontal nystagmus in the left eye. He also had a moderate under-action of abduction on ipsilateral gaze in the right eye. On up gaze, both eyes were found to have vertical nystagmus. Anterior and posterior segments revealed normal, except minimal chemosis on the right eye, no relative afferent pupillary defect. Brain imaging showed lesions in pons mainly on the right side. Results: Improvement of ocular movement was observed in 2 weeks. Diplopia and mild ocular movement limitation were still found after 6 months. Conclusion: Based on ophthalmologic and systemic examinations the patient had internuclear ophthalmoplegia (half) with ipsilateral abduction deficit (half): half and half syndrome. Head trauma is one of the risk factors of ocular motility disorders.
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma (RB) is an inherited disorder caused by the RB1 gene mutation in retinal cells or germline mutation. Identifying the specific mutation is crucial for prognosis, inheritance risk assessment, and treatment planning. This study aimed to identify the germline mutation in the RB1 gene in patients with RB and their parents from the eastern part of Indonesia. METHODS This observational analytic study recruited patients with RB and their parents between 2016 and 2018 at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia. The normal control subjects were children from the outpatient clinic at the Department of Ophthalmology, Universitas Hasanuddin Hospital. Ophthalmic examinations and peripheral blood tests were performed in RB patients, their parents, and control subjects. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood leukocytes and amplified using conventional PCR. Hotspot exons 8, 10, 14, 17, and 22 were screened for mutations using the Sanger method. RESULTS There were 21 patients with RB (16 unilateral and 5 bilateral) and 14 normal subjects. Of the 184 variations detected in RB patients, 164 were also found in normal subjects. 19 intronic mutations in introns 10, 16, 17, and 21, and 1 novel missense mutation in exon 17 were identified. Parental testing revealed 8 substitutions in exon 17 and 5 intronic mutations in introns 16 and 17 of the parents. None of the variations in exons were passed to their children. CONCLUSIONS This study found a novel missense mutation in exon 17 of the RB1 gene.
Background: To describe the importance of neuro-ophthalmic examination on pituitary macroadenomapatient with bitemporal hemianopia and treated with cabergoline.Case Illustration: A 50-year-old female came with blurry vision on both eyes. She had 20/40 and 20/30vision right eye and left eye respectively, no RAPD, no limitation of gaze, anterior and posterior segmentswere unremarkable. She had superior bitemporal defect expanding to inferior quadrant of visual fieldby Humphrey. MRI scan showed suggestive pituitary macroadenoma with bleeding and supression tosuperior chiasm. The prolactin level was elevated and she was then referred to endocrinologist andgiven dopamine agonist (cabergoline) treatment. Six months after cabergoline therapy, patient’s visualacuity had improved to 20/25 on both eyes, no progression on Humphrey visual field defect and alterationin size of the macroadenoma from MRI.Conclusion: A characteristic visual field defect can be a first sign for pituitary macroadenoma. Surgicalare not always necessary. Medicine therapy can be beneficial for secreting pituitary macroadenoma.Ophthalmology examination can help assessing the prognosis of the disease.Keywords: bitemporal hemianopia, pituitary macroadenoma, prolacin, cabergoline
Background: Household contacts of leprosy patients have a higher risk for infection of leprosy. This study is to determine the change in Pupil Cycle Time (PCT) in household contact with leprosy patients and compare them with normal people who are not in household contact with leprosy patients in Makassar. Methods: It was carried out in Tadjuddin Chalid hospital in Makassar and uses cross-sectional study to 61 subjects for each group. The study subjects are divided into two groups: normal people with household contact with leprosy patients, and normal people without household contact as a control group. PCT examinations were performed to the subjects in both groups using biomicroscope slit lamp and digital stopwatch to determine the value of PCT. Result: The study indicates that the average PCT OD and OS of the group with household contact with leprosy patients are 1119.80 (±169.51) milliseconds and 1123.67 (±189.92) milliseconds respectively. Meanwhile, the PCT OD and OS average of the normal people who are not household contact with leprosy patients are 772.67 (±87.75) milliseconds and 776.85 (±82.87) milliseconds respectively. There is a significant difference of PCT between people with household contact with leprosy and those who are not (p=0.000). The length of household contact with leprosy patients has a significant influence with the PCT (p=0.000). Conclusion: The result proves that the PCT of those in household contact with leprosy patient is longer than that of those without contact. The longer the household contact with leprosy patients, the longer the pupil cycle time. Keywords: Pupil Cycle Time, household contact with leprosy patients, leprosy
Eggshell (ES) is a waste material that cannot be consumed with low economic value. ES mainly contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and an organic matrix in the form of proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. Meanwhile, the eggshell membrane (ESM) contains osteopontin collagen, fibronectin, keratin, histones, avian beta defensins, ovocalyxin-36, apolipoproteins, protocadherin, chondroitin sulfate, ovotransferrin, hyaluronic acid, and sialic acid as well as various amino acids. Recently, ES has been widely used in industry, agriculture, food, and medical fields. The potential of ES in the medical field is interesting to discuss, especially in relation to tissue repair. Efforts to reduce the prevalence of wounds that generally originate from acute wounds but become chronic due to various factors that are neglected in their management. In particular, this review will describe the benefits of ES content in repairing body tissues. ES-derived active ingredients such as CaCO3, brushite, and hydroxyapatite exhibit osteoconductive properties that promote bone regeneration. Calcium ions can increase insulin and leptin sensitivity in the liver and can induce repair of acute kidney injury. Meanwhile, ESM contributes positively to neural tissue repair and plays an important role in wound healing, response to external stimuli, defense response, inflammatory response, cell-substrate adhesion, promoting cell growth, migration, differentiation, and tissue remodeling.
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