<p>El artículo describe la compleja secuencia de interacciones y eventos que permitió asegurar la presencia de una misión dirigida por Capuchinos españoles en Colombia a finales del siglo XIX. Reflexiona sobre las condiciones intelectuales que permitieron justificar, en el contexto de la República, el regreso de los mismos misioneros que fueron expulsados durante la Independencia. El autor analiza los diferentes registros de justificación utilizados por los actores involucrados en este proceso. Discute, por otro lado, sobre las condiciones materiales, jurídicas e institucionales que permitieron a los Capuchinos consolidar su posición dentro de la compleja estructura eclesiástica y establecerse como intermediarios indispensables para el Estado colombiano.</p>
Este artigo versa sobre a existência de uma ordem segregada e o funcionamento da categoria "aborígene" no Sudeste da Austrália ao longo do século XX. Para além das definições "oficiais" da população aborígene, analisaremos as modalidades práticas da identificação, graças particularmente a uma análise dos recenseamentos e das classificações estatísticas dos aborígenes. Mostraremos que, na ausência de documentos oficiais especialmente reservados aos aborígenes atestando seu registro em um cadastro central, as técnicas relativas à sua identificação aproximavam-se das formas pré-industriais de reconhecimento das pessoas, fundadas na familiaridade e nas relações face a face. Esta situação tinha como consequência que aqueles localmente conhecidos como aborígenes ou que tinham traços físicos aborígenes facilmente reconhecíveis encontravam-se presos em um sistema coercitivo do qual era difícil escapar, enquanto outros podiam passar através das malhas identificatórias sem, no entanto, recolocar em causa um sistema de relações raciais marcadamente dicotômico.
This article concerns the existence of a segregated order and the functioning of the category of "aborigine" in South-western Australia during the 20th century. Looking beyond the "official" definitions of the aboriginal population, we will analyse the practical modalities of identification, particularly through an analysis of the census and the statistical classifications of the Aborigines. We will show that, in the absence of official documents specifically geared towards the aborigines, attesting to their register in a central file, the techniques concerning their identification resembled pre-industrial forms of recognizing people, based on familiarity and on face-to-face relations. A consequence of this situation is that those people who were locally known to be aborigines, or who had physical traits that were readily identified as being aboriginal, found themselves caught in a coercitive system from which it was difficult to escape, whereas others were able to pass through the identificatory mesh without, in so doing, placing in check a markedly dichotomous system of racial relations
This article presents three tensions related to the concept of ‘difference’ in the social and historical sciences. The first tension is related to ethnocentrism and anachronism: the author shows that they both represent simultaneously dangers that must be prevented and unavoidable working tools. The second tension is related to the role of conceptualization and to the difficult choice that social scientists have to make between ‘native categories’ and ‘analytical categories’. Finally, the third dilemma is related to the impossibility for the researcher to find a right distance ( juste distance) in relation with the world he studies (be it a familiar or unfamiliar world). The author attempts to show that, although these tensions are often thought of separately, they are in fact closely related, and concern the need for all research projects to be taking the social world as their research object.
Cet article entend présenter un bref panorama de l’histoire australienne. Il souligne d’abord l’ancienneté de la présence des Aborigènes, rappelant ainsi que l’histoire de l’île-continent n’a pas commencé avec l’arrivée du capitaine Cook en 1770. Il s’interroge ensuite sur la formation, au xix e siècle, d’une colonie britannique de peuplement et sa transformation, au xx e siècle, en État-nation anglophone, tout en critiquant la tendance d’une certaine historiographie à reléguer un peu vite les populations aborigènes au seul passé précolonial.
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