Abstract:The term "eco-labeling" has become a buzzword in today's sustainable business world. The use of eco-labeling in various forms has been increasing notably for past many years, sometimes as an environmental "requirement" and sometimes merely as a marketing tool. Questions arise about how well these eco-labels are attended and understood by consumers. However, though mentionable studies are found on various aspects of eco-labels, gaps exist in exploring an inclusive set of parameters for investigating consumer perceptions of eco-labels. This paper aims at preparing a synthesis of all the possible factors to be incorporated for measuring consumer perceptions of eco-labeling of products. For making such synthesis, all major works in the field have been thoroughly reviewed. The paper comes up with a total of 10 parameters that include consumer awareness, consumer knowledge, consumer involvement, consumer trust, design and visibility, credibility of the source, type and level of information, clarity of meaning, persuasiveness, and private benefits. This tentative, yet inclusive, set of parameters is thought to be useful for designing large scale future empirical researches for developing a dependable inclusive set of parameters to test consumer understanding and perceptions of eco-label. A framework is proposed for further empirical research.

ABSTRACT

Problem statement: The decision of crop selection and the output of agricultural production are highly determined by the environmental factors, especially rainfall and water availability. In the tropical area, particularly in Malaysia, influences of these exogenous variables are so high that overall agricultural productions are now vulnerable. Crops are affected through rainfall in two different ways-high and low rainfalls. Avoiding the problem of low rainfall is nearly possible through irrigation, but over rainfall at the end of crop cycle causes destructive damages of the output. Approach: This study uses descriptive statistics to analyze the fact and uses unit root test to measure the predictability of rainfall. The raw data is taken from 8 stations from 1980 to 2007. Results: Shifting crop cycle is also not fruitful due to un-predictive changes of rainfall. All combination of crop cycle is also affected in a similar way. Government subsidy in agricultural sector is remarkably increasing, but farmers are not able to cope properly with the environmental changes, especially for the cash crops and seasonal crops production. Conclusion: Under this circumstance, in the short run, adaptation approaches should be followed in farmer level and policy level. In the long run, technological advancement will play the most crucial role to solve the problem

Malaysia is one of the highly vulnerable countries due to climatic changes. Here the changes in climate factors cause adverse impacts on agricultural sustainability and relevant livelihood sustainability. To adapt to these changes a prudent adaptation policy is very important. Several countries follow different adaptation policy based on their localized socioeconomic and geographical status. While defining its adaptation policy, Malaysia also needs to consider several crucial factors. This study discusses issues relevant to the farmers' adaptation to climate change in Malaysia and also provides few recommendations that will help policy makers to prepare the agricultural adaptation policy for climate change.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of government food waste policy on household food waste disposal and household's knowledge of environmental effects of food waste could be a panacea towards food waste reduction in Malaysia. The study was conducted in Selangor and Terengganu applying purposive random sampling with 333 respondents representing same number of households. 257 were from Selangor and 76 from Terengganu. The primary data was collected through structured questionnaire and was analyzed by descriptive statistics and logistics regression model. Findings has shown in percent Selangor, 41.6 respondents or households gives out their edible food waste to neighbours, while Terengganu had 63.2 percent who gives their edible food waste to neighbours rather than disposed it into the waste bins. The most frequent food waste by Selangor respondents were rice and fruits at 19.1 and 36 percent receptively. While Terengganu had 9 and 26 percent that frequently waste same composition of food waste. Knowledge of environmental effects of food waste on cost of waste management, its impacts to increase energy consumption, government policy on household food waste management and government creating awareness of the impact of food waste to the environment were significantly related to influence household's to reduce food waste.