This paper is part of a larger project which aims to trace continuities and changes in governmental and punitive techniques of the Ottoman power over moral order from the mid-eighteenth century to the early decades of the Tanzimat era. The larger project aims to analyze the legal culture of the Tanzimat through both norms (imperial decrees, criminal codes, etc.) and practices (litigations in the courts and higher councils). As a beginning to this larger project, the current paper makes only a discursive analysis of the Tanzimat Edict and the Criminal Codes of the period. 2 Although the modern Turkish Constitution of 1982 which is the current constitution in the Turkish Republic does not use the term human dignity, this normative term is
Özet Yazıda Osmanlı ekonomisinin ondokuzuncu yüzyılda tanıştığı sigortacılık faaliyetleri ve sigorta piyasasının özellikleri ele alınmıştır. Dünya ekonomisi ile bütünleşme sürecinde ticaret hacmindeki artış ve toplumun belirli kesimleri için hayat tarzındaki Batılılaşma sigortacılık faaliyetini Osmanlı iktisadi hayatına getiren esas unsurlar olarak görünmektedir. Hem potansiyel kazanç imkanı hem de yasal düzenlemeler olmayışı bakunından yabancı şirketler için cazip bir piyasa olsa da, Osmanlı sigorta piyasasının gelişimini sınırlandıran bazı unsurlar belirlenebilmekte-dir. Bunlar arasında şirketlerin müşteriler aleyhindeki uygulamalan, müşterilerin şirketleri aldatmaya yönelik davranışları, sigorta fikrine karşı dini inanıştan gelen tavır ve kişilerin satın alma güçlerinin düşüklüğü ile geleneksel yardımlaşma bağlannın varlığını sürdürmesi gibi sosyal ve ekonomik özellikler sayılabilir. Yazıda temel kaynak olarak dönemin İngiliz Konsolasluk raporlan kullanılmıştır. Abstract The essay focuses on the insurance activities and the characteristics of insurance market that were incorporated into the Ottoman economy during the nineteenth century. Increase in the volume of trade during the process of integration with the world economy and the westernization of lifestyle for certain parts of the society are considered as the basic faetors that introduced the insurance activities to the Ottoman economy. Despite being an attractive market for foreign companies in terms of the potential profit opportunities it offered and the legal regulations it lacked, a number of characteristics which limited the development of Ottoman insurance market are discernable. Among these are the social and economic peculiarities such as practices of the companies and the customers towards cheating each other; religious beliefs against the idea of insurance; low level of purchasing power and persistence of the traditional charity ties. The primary source used in the ,,"'Ssayis the contemporary British Consular Reports.
Depiction of Bertrande, the wife of Martin Guerre, by Natalie Zemon Davis in her famous book The Return of Martin Guerre has been revolutionary in its attempt to recover the criminal agency of women in historical writing. Davis challenged the representation of women as “deceived” actors of history. Although the story of Martin Guerre has been retold many times, Bertrande has almost always been depicted as being fooled by Arnaud, the false husband; indeed the court that investigated the case decided to accept her testimony that she was “tricked” for more than three years. Despite being suspicious of adultery, the court excused her by considering “the weakness of her sex, easily deceived by the trickery and finesse of men,” and thus mitigated female responsibility. Yet, Davis read the same documents from a different perspective and asserted the possibility that Bertrande might have been “acquiescent” rather than “deceived” and may even have been an accomplice of Arnaud by preferring him, both sexually and socially, to Martin Guerre, her real husband who had abandoned her. In the end, the accused has not been Bertrande, but Natalie Zemon Davis, by a male historian, Robert Finlay, for creating a “proto-feminist of peasant culture” out of Bertrande.
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