SummaryHamartoma is a developmental disorder of various body parts and organs. It is characterized by a nonneoplastic growth of tissue with an uneven distribution and proportion of individual cells. Lesions progress for several years, but usually do not give clinical symptoms, and do not undergo malignant transformation. They occur alone or coexist with other defects, sometimes forming a characteristic clinical picture of a syndrome of congenital defects. Mutations in genes, such as PTEN, GLI3, SDH B/D, PIK3CA and ACT1, cause a dysfunction of the tumor suppressor gene and result in an increased neoplastic transformation. Hamartoma is a lesion between developmental disorders and benign tumors, which occurs frequently in humans, but is very rare in domestic animals. In a histopathological examination, however, it is diagnosed relatively often. In the veterinary literature, both hamartoma and choristoma are attributed mostly to errors in embryogenesis and are not considered as preneoplastic lesions.

Every application of a substance results from the macroscopic property of the substance that is related to the substance’s microscopic structure. For example, the forged park gate in your city was produced thanks to the malleability and ductility of metals, which are related to the ability of shifting of layers of metal cations, while fire extinguishing powders use the high boiling point of compounds related to their regular ionic and covalent structures. This also applies to polymers. The purpose of this review is to summarise and present information on selected food-related biopolymers, with special attention on their respective structures, related properties, and resultant applications. Moreover, this paper also highlights how the treatment method used affects the structure, properties, and, hence, applications of some polysaccharides. Despite a strong focus on food-related biopolymers, this review is addressed to a broad community of both material engineers and food researchers.

ABSTRACT:In this report, we present a rare case of cephalothoracopagus (monocephalic dithoracic) conjoined twins with anencephaly in pig. Conjoined Polish large white piglets were born at term after an uncomplicated birth. The litter consisted of 11 piglets. The conjoined twins were born alive, but died shortly after birth and were subjected to further investigation. Blood vessels of the heart were filled with LBS 3060 latex, and then the twins were fixed in 10% non-buffered formalin. Necropsy revealed the external and internal anatomy of the affected twins. Examinations demonstrated abnormalities of skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems. The twins had a single head, neck and chest and were separated from the umbilicus caudally. They had four forelimbs and four hindlimbs. Examination of the skeleton revealed two complete vertebral columns connected with one skull. Two tongues and a cleft palate were present in the oral cavity. The conjoined twins had a single pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, part of jejunum, spleen, liver and pancreas. The remaining part of the digestive system was doubled. Each piglet had a separate urogenital apparatus. The examination revealed only one heart with structural abnormalities. Two larynxes and tracheas were identified. The right twin had the right lung while the left twin had the left lung. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first detailed report of this type of conjoined twins in the pig.

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Ultrasonographic examination of the normal thyroid and parathyroid glands has been described for humans and many animal species. However, similar reports for goats are still missing. The aim of the study was to present ultrasound features of the normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats with the determination of their dimensions and volume, followed by a comparison of the results to the gross examination. Seventy-two goats were used in the study. The echostructure and echogenicity of the thyroid and parathyroid glands were assessed. The length, width and height of the thyroid and the length and width of the parathyroid glands were measured. The thyroid volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula, basing on the ultrasonographic dimensions. Size and volume of the dissected thyroid glands were established grossly, followed by a histological examination. In order to accurately describe the anatomy of the thyroid, new anatomical terminology characterizing this gland was proposed. The mean dimensions of the thyroid lobes were 30.2 x 10.5 x 6.3 mm. There were no statistically significant differences between the right and left lobe. Parathyroid glands measured an average of 3.6 x 2.4 mm. The percentage Root Mean Square Error between the results of ultrasonographic and gross examination was 16.73%, 20.65% and 17.01% for thyroid length, width and height, respectively, and 46.30% for volume. In order to obtain more precise calculation of the thyroid volume, a modified correction factor for the ellipsoid formula was introduced. For the first time, the normal ultrasonographic characteristics and dimensions of the caprine thyroid and internal parathyroid glands were presented. The results may serve as a radiological reference and be the basis for further research.